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About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at |http: //books .google .com/I flS: ^,rB M HEKANNYEYU (TOMAHAWK ESE) Ci i [ I I I N EASY INTRODUCTION 'O THE OLD NDIAN J_,ANGUAGE OF The TLANTIC COAST I I L By James Waldo Colby. Waltham, Mass., The Colby Studio. COPYPvIGHT, 1906, J. W. COLBY. HOW TO STUDY. The best progress is made in a class or group. ^Vhere one and all shout the answers, a very permanent record is made on the tablets of the memory. — See chap. XXX.^ But whether there are two or ten, each student must have a time for separate study. uJ A lone student with no teacher, should read the Indian loudly. Then one column should be covered up, and the other translated, writing rapidly, with a dash for each forgotten word. All students occasionally encounter an obstinate word that refuses to memorize : have a black- list on the wall, two feet wide ; post him up in plain sight. There will be no further trouble from him. Learning a language is merely to memorize a thousand or more words. It is no great feat, as the stupidest child does it ; and we see many foreign children who know two or three tongues well enough for their needs. 5 157632 THE OLD INDIAN LANGUAGE OF THE ATLANTIC COAST 1/ THE VISITORS. [The] Chief comes tomorrow. [The] Chief (is) good. Boy comes, too. (He is a) tall boy. Is girl good, too ? Yes, (she is) good. And is the dog good ? No, (he is) bad. Does (the) child cry? Yes, (it)cries and cries. Sachem peyam saup. Sachem wunny tuy. Noncomp peyam, nano. Noncomp quinny tuy. Sun wunny tuy nunksquaw, nano ? Nux, wunny tuy. Kah sun wunny tuy anumm ? Mat, matchy tuy. Sun moom muckoy ? Nux, moom kah moom. (] I. 6 Boy Noncomp Child Muckoy Girl Nunksquaw Dog Anumm' Chief Sachem Tomorrow Saup Comes Peyam Cries Moom Yes Nux No Mat» matta And Kah Too, also Nano Good Wunny tuy Bad Matchytuy Deep, high, tall Quinny I.^ Ways of Speaking. In this old Indian Language the parts of speech do not always follow in our own order to form a sentence. But there is often more than one right way to place them. To ask a question we begin with' Does, or Is. Their question-word is Sun, which in the answer is omitted. I.^ Accenting. Words of two syllables accent the first, as Nonk^omp, Nunk^squaw ; unless marked other- wise, as A numm/. ^cad ^^(Pronouncing,'' xxxvi. I * Omitted Words. The Indians ustrd fewer words than the Whites for the same sentence; but most of their words were long ones. In this lesson we mark the English words which are not used in the Indian; but such words will now be listed, so that our pages need not be marred by frequent parentheses. There are no Indian words for these following : A, the, am, are, is, was, were. We say '*A dog," or *'The dog." They say "This dog," or ''His dog," meaning somebody's dog. And they often say "Dog." The following words they often omit : He, she, it, them, of. Have, as we use it to help a verb, is omitted. I ''have" lost; we do not '' have " what we lost : but use the word for want of a better. That a whole Continent of conversationalists could get on at all without these words, seems surprising. Yet they were an eloquent race and their ^speech was ample. 8 11.^ THE ATTACK. The enemy is coming. Where's my arrow ? Pshaw, no! where's your gun ? Here. Is my father going ? Oh, yes, And your dog goes, too. Your horse runs fast. Is my mother here ? Yes, she's no coward. Matwa peyam [comes], Tonno N'cauquot? Ouah, matta! tonno K' peshkonk ? Yeu ut. Sun om N' ogh } Ooy, nux, Kah Kut anumm oni, nano. K' horse quogquem ti adchy. Sun yeu ut N'cheewa? Nux, mat soquompooo. 11.^' Gender. Our own nouns are divided into three Genders, — male, female, neuter, as shown by the words man, woman, house. But the Indian nouns are mostly of two Genders, — creatures and things, as — person, house ; so as not to mention sex. 9 11.^ My Father N' ogh, N* oosh My Mother N' Cheewa I Run N' Quogquem Enemy Matwa I Go Nut Om Coward Soquom poo ' o Gun Pe"shkonk (thunder maker) Arrow Cauquot Pshaw! . Quah! That (creature) No Fast Tiadchy That (thing) Ne Where Tonno/ Here, This Yeu At Ut They used EngHsh names for farm-animals. 1, Me, Mine, My Neen, N' before a vowel Nut You, Yours, Your Ken, K* before a vowel Kut 11.^ Rough Sounds. A few words have a rough sound impossible to spt^ll. Try your thorax on these words: — Honk=goose Matwa=enemy N* oghhh=father Poossooo/= wildcat Then try these Nasals : — Goy ! wooy !-^ oh dear ! Qiiah != pshaw ! 10 II. "Adjectives. Adjectives end in y, =good, wunny ; white, wompy ; strong, menneky. But in speaking of a living creature you add ''su'* or "tu*' to your adjective. And this su or tu may be ornamented with another y, . — wunny su, wunny suy, particu- larly when ending a sentence. Ill/ THE Young man ! Who are you ? Vm the strong boy. Are you as strong as a bear ? I'm as strong as a moose. Who is that man ? My father. Is he smart ? \Utr\' smart, mv p^ood father. COPPER COON. Wusk Enin ! Howan Ken? Menne ky su nonkomp Neen. Sun K' menne kysu ne any mosq ? N' menne kysu ne any moose. Howan no wosketomp? N' ogh. Sun waantani ? Moo cheeky waantam, N' ogh wunny tuy. li Man Wosketomp Young man Wusk Enin Great ket Young, new Wusky Boy Nonkomp Cunning, wise Waantam Bear Mosq Strong, Menneky As, Like Neany *' Mennucky Who Hovvan Much, Very Moo cheeky He, him, his. She, her, hers W, No [N'] before a vowel Wut 1 11.^ Oddities of O. Long O, as in Go, was not used. That is a compound vowel, thus, — o-oo. The Natives used the open O instead, such as we often hear in Both, not Bowth. Try the two ways of saying Both coats are at home in the boat. Then get the open sound in Tonno' (where), and No [he or she]. O had also the short sound, as in Stop, Pop. Try Nut omp (my friend). But their commonest vowel was oo, as in boot. Just fancy good old Eliot, who made Bibles for the Massachusetts Indians, trying to print the 12 word Ponamo-oo/og, = traps or catchers — thus : Ponamoooog, and then sending off in agony to Europe for a quart of eights, oo, to help over the trouble thus, Ponamooo og, and shutting up shop six months till they arrived! Yet it is an easy word to say : Pona mo-oo/og, if not to print. And there were lots of such words in it. 1 11.^ Onomatopoeia. In all languages there are words which imitate in sound the thing mentioned, such as Smash, Chirp, Slap, Roar. And so in Indian we notice very many, such as Wow wowtc am. See if the following three examples strike you as dramatic and droll: — Queequee cum Duck Queequees Eel Queequon Earthquake III.^ Third Person. He comes is Peyam or W* peyam. W' (called wuh, short for Oom), is very frequently omitted, and means equally He or She or Some unknown person. IV/ THE LITTLE HEROINE. Shh ! the dog barks. A bear comes. The child cries. The girl runs in the house. She gets the tall gun. She's no coward. She shoots! oh dear! She hurts the dog*s tail. Shoo, anumm wow wowteam. Mosq peyam. Muckoy moom. Nunksq quogquem Wee kin. Chuetos quinny peshkonk. Mat soquom poo o. Pum moke ! Wooy ! Wosky huam anumm aey W^ sook. Bear hears dog. xvi.^ Mosq nootam anumm ah. And laughs much, And jumps high. Then the girl aims a stone, And hits the pig in the house. Kah moo cheeky ha hanam. Kah quinquishy. Neut nunksq misantamam hassan, Kah ogcom pig aw W eekin. 14 IV. B In the House W* eekin I Jump N* Quisham House Eek I Laugh Ha hanam Stone Hassan I Bark Wowwowteam Tail Sook I Hear Nootam Oh, dear Wooy ! I Get Chuetam Listen Shoo ! I Shoot Pum'moke Then, there Neut I Aim Mis antam am Not Mat I Hit Nut Ogcom I Hurt Wosky huam IV.^ Dabsters at Indian. Many of our Indian place-names are so simple to understand that no red boy of ten would have any doubt about their meaning. Sucli words our students ought soon to recognize on sight, as, Missi sippi = The Great River. And the students will smile with closed doors at the many absurdities that have been written about Indian words by dabsters. Some of those translators have been men of high standing as scholars, and had they surmised how far off they 15 were they would have been ashamed. They had hunted up some little Hst, as Pat did a fiddle. **Can you play for us, Pat.^" **I niver thried ; I think I can." *>^.tfv.C eJcr<^ ©J&dfe; V.^ PALE FACES. That white man is little. But his son is fat. His daughter is very sweet. Is the girl white ? Yes, he is quite white and little. But he's a fool. And why.^ He*s a very young girl. What's his name, Mary ? No, Whitebird. That's sweet name. No wompos ketomp pe sissuy. Quot mon wunogquy su. W'tonno moochck wekonny su. Sun wompysuy nunksq.^ Nux, peta wompysu kah pesissu. Quot W mattamag. To wutchv ? Moo chekky wusky su nunksqu aw. Toh wesuonk, sun Mary? Mat, Wompsooksy. Ne wekonny wesuonk. 16 »- — — V. B Fool Son Bird Sweet Little What But Matta mag Mon Psooksy VVekonny Pe sissu Toh To Quot Name Wesu onk Daughter Ton White Wompy Fat Wun ogquy Black Mooy Why Towutch^ C^ite Pet a V.^ Accenting. r Mo3t words of two syllables accent the first, as Quee^quees == eel. But many Indian words are long. So we space such words into |' Feet," of two syllables each, as seen in Massa chusetts, Narra gansett. This simplifies them in two ways : They are now less puzzling to eye and tongue. The first syllable is tbe accented one of eacb foot. So only irregular words need accent- marks. But the chief accent of a word is near the end, as in the two examples above. And when the word adds syllables, the chief accent moves to the new place. 17 The unaccented vowels, such as the o in To- wutch (= why), should be pronounced obscurely, and might be spelled with an a, e, i, or u, for all we could judge by the sound. 'J^ts Ojk^g^ QJklf^ VI> SUCH TRAVELERS! Your broiher*s what? Toh K' mat? My brother''s a traveler. N' mat po mishy Enin. Ho ! my turkey's a traveler ! He's a bad bird and a thief. He's a black bird and a beauty. Your brother's where? At my sister's My grandmother is a good traveler. He walks far. I kill a big black bear. He brings it home. 18 Hah! N' nehum po mishy Enin. W matchy psooksy kah cum moola. W mooy su psooksy kah wonseet. K' mat tonno? Ut N' atick ut. N' tooka miss In wunny po mishy Enin. Wom- wommen no adtit. N' nishte am mis ogken mooy mosq. W pattonam N' eekit. VI. 6 A Person Enin, In. Traveler Po mishy Enin Grandmother Tooka miss I n Brother Mat Sister Ettick Turkey Nehum Thief Cummoola In Home N' eekit Great Mish, miss, At Ut, et, set mis ogken In En, in I Kill N Nishteam Far No adtit I Bring N' Pattonam Dandy Wonseet I Walk N* Wommen (Read Stammerings xxii.^ « VI. ^ Interrogatives. To begin a sentence with Sun makes it a question. Another form of questioning is to add yas, as, or quas to the end of the sentence : You have his turkey, yas ? = Kut ohto nehum, as ? In the Narragansett dialect, a question began with As, rather than Sun. 19 VI. ^ Possessive Pronouns. My brother Your brother His brother N' mat K' mat W mat [Nummat kummat wemat the old spelling]. EMPHATIC FORM. MY brother YOUR brother HIS brother Neen mat Ken mat No mat or even Neen N' mat Ken K' mat No N' mat 4 BEFORE A VOWEL. My bed Your bed His bed Nutoppin' Kut oppin Wut oppin (Read Gender xxiv.^ VI. ^ Accidental Similars. Dp you ask why some of these words are so much like English ? — Ut=at En=in, Mona- og==many, Moochecky==much, Keen-^keen, and so^on. The similarity is wholly by chance, — so many chances in so many words. Similars, xxvj .^, and (Borrowed Words xlii ^ 20 VII> THE CHIEFS PET. The Chief has a friend. A yellow little-dog That^s my cruel enemy. My house he enters ; He gets my moccasin, My pretty blue moccasin. And he barks fast. Then the water tastes sour and hurtful. Will you tie that shoe to his tail ? He has no tail. And you have no shoe. Sachem ohto Wut omp. We sawy pe-anumm oh. Nut onquy matwa, yeuo. N' eekik petite am ; Chuetam N' mekisson, N' wunny peshy me kisson. Kah wow wowte am ti adchy. Neut nip quitchetash* matchy kah wosky. K^spunnas ne mekisson ut W* sook quot ? Mat ohto sook oo. § Kah mat ohto oo mekisson Ken. * (Read Imp. xx.^ %J^eg. XVI. ^ 21 VII. B Shoe Me kisson I Tie N' Spunnam Water Nip I Have Nut Ohto A Well Nogquot I Put N Poonam Friend Oiiip I Enter N' Petite /am Pretty Wunny I Taste N' Quitchetam Blue Peshy Sour Matchy Yellow Wesaw y Fast Ti adchy Cruel Onquy Small Pe- This person Yeuo VII.c Travel. Kut om You travel Nut aump I went Kum ome, um " Kut aumen You fish [in] N' wommen I go in. This is the common phrase for travel by foot or boat. N' pommin, pummin, pimmin I travel or leg it. K'' pom Your thigh N' pomuisham, pomuettam I make a journey Kut onnam, onta, onchy, anetteom You go K! ton, tone, toon Your mouth 22 Ana kish ! ana chish ! Go ! N* negonshem I go first N* moncheem I depart N' wushawm, wusham I travel or carry people Nut ayo an I go the road N' peyam, peyom, peyeum I come N' Cunnam I come N' Quon-quonnam I run Besides the use of the legs, here mentioned, these verbs as often referred to the use of the voice. Om, worn, onta were freely used in the conversational sense. VII. ^ Race-Names. Why should they call themselves Indians when they had never seen India, nor even heard of Columbus, and his blunder in thinking this was it? But they at once adopted the absurd name, now that they needed distinguishing from the whites. Of course they had their tribal names. Also we called them Natives, Red Men, Savages, and Heathen. Then they called us Chauquog= swordsmen, Ahcoonayog= coaters, Howan-ig = strangers. 23 Vlll.^ WHY THE CHILD CRIED. See my red hen. 1 see (her). The hen is greedy. She has a little snake. She eats her little snake raw. 1 have my snake boiled. This is my snake. Now why don't you eat? [should] My little sister he cries. He's a bad child. He may tell his grandfather. He may shoot you. Nauish N'mishquysu monnish. Naum. Monnish wussoy. Ohto pe ascook. Meechim pe-ascook asky. Ohto Neen ascook kes tayey. Yeu Neen ascook. To wutchy matta meech[-oan]? Noh moom N' ettick ess. Matchy tu muckoy. Wo \Vut oo onchem mog home. Wo Noh K' pummoke, 24 VIII.^ Grandfather Mog home Snake Ascook I Tell Nut Oo onchem Cat Poo puss I See N' Naum Hen Monnish See! Nauish! Greedy Wussoy I May Woh Boiled Kestayey Raw Raw To where (are you going ') To nish ; At where (do you live?) Ton no'; From where (do you come?) To nuck, Tunna. VI 11.^ Diminutives. We use in English no Augmentatives and few Diminutives, and scarcely know what they are. In poetry we find birdlings, eaglets, owlets, rivulets, ending thus to mean small ones. Yet we would never, never dare to mention them in company. In fact, the principle is wrong, for a wallet is not a little wall, nor a bullet a little bull. But in Indian there are several Diminutives : Mat, brother ; Pe-mat, little brother. Muckoy, child ; Muckoy-ess, baby ; See XXIII. ^ Muckoy-emess, little baby. 25 VI 11.^ Capitalizing. To aid the reader we capitalize the pronouns, Neen, Ken, Wut, etc., as — Kut ohto N' cauquot, = You have my arrow]. We also capitalize In = a person], and its more dignified form, Enin, to distinguish the person from the preposition, in. Then each of the Winds was an In, the Wind- gods. VI 11.^ Two Consecutive Nouns. Where one noun follows another in a sentence change the possessive one [the one not spoken about] into an adjective by adding y, su, aey, — whichever is appropriate. Don't say Ice man, Horse man. Say Icy man, Horsey man. VIII.^ The Emphatic Habit. To add "snap-words" to a sentence for empha- sis is a common trick the ''wide" world over. They also did it. For example, we start *'in," and hold '*to," and finish '*up." They mosquantam ''un" and pum "in." 26 IX/ AN EVENING FEAST. I will have a party Pish Nut ohto tonight. Who will come? The Englishman and his, wife. mya weny yeu nocut. Howan pish peyani.^ Chauquog kah mittam wossis. I'he tall fellow and his little brother. Quinny su pucky scattis kah W mat ta ess. His little brother's a talker. • W'mat ta ess ayey (viii.* kekootum In. Yes, both, and the Mux, nan eeswy, kah 1 old woman. wenis. Will you cook sheep or duck ? You will eat boiled Sun pish K wek issam shep assa quee quee cum ? Pish Ken meech crow. cawkont kestayey. * t I will build a fire, And have plenty of food. Pish N' pottos chickote, Kah N' ohtos tauba met suonk- 27 p IX. B Madam Sonks Old Woman Wenis Englishman Chauquog Wife Mittam wossis Fellow Pucky scattis (empty head) This Night Yen Nocut Assembly Mia weny I Kindle I Cook 1 Talk Shall or Will Wild Goose Honk Duck Queequeecum Crow Cawkont Food Mt!t suonk Fire Chick ote Enough Tauba Both Nan eeswy Or Assa, Assuh N' Pottos N' Wekissam (make nice) N' Keck ootam Pish English has three wheres : Whilher, where, and whence^ but uses only one. The Natives used all three. At, in, into At, in, into To, or at, To, or at,. IX.^ Cases. a house a river a house W' eek in Bee quin xx.^^ W' eek it Shawm ut W' eek ik a cape Into, or out of a house From, or among, the grass Askuk, a snake 28 X.^ PRETTY PEOPLE. Why do those hens hide? The handsome hunter comes. Has he many beavers ? No, he is a bad shot. But he has all my ducks. Towutch attatom-wog yeu-og monnish-og ? Wunny su atchay In pey am . Sun ohtos mona-og tummunk-quaog ? Mat, matchy tu atchay In. Quot ohto wamy N* queequee cum-ayog aw. His people are W missiii In-nuogaey English . Chauquog. Many Natives are Mona-og Indians-og handsome men. wonseet-ayoggy. Their little red babies are handsome, too. W mishquy-og muckoy emess-anoo wo ug wunny su-og, nano. Those nice kids are W unny chany-og Nipmucs. Nip-muk quaey. 29 X. B Chauquog [ =^ Englishmen,] is used as either singular or plural, though there is a plural form : Chauquos-suog. Hunter Atchay In Beavers Tummunk-quaog A Beauty Wonseet People Missin In-nuog Baby Muckoy emess I Hide Nut Attatom All Wamy Many Mona-og, Mona-tash. X.^ Animate Plural. For the plural of living beings, whether men or clams, add -og. Then goat becomes goat-og. But -og does n't fit some words, — hog-og, for instance. In that case kindly say hog-a'yog. And thus more than half the nouns add two syllables for plural, the first one being chosen for its sound simply, each speaker using what he likes. Yet this varying syllable takes the chief accent of the word. In those days each little red lad built his own grammar to suit himself. An- other might say hog-oo^wog. Both were right. Nouns already ending in og might take for plural -uc, -ic, -sic, -oo^^og, or the like. 30 Then you must pluralize your adjectives as well as your nouns, and say, These-ogbrown-og horse-suog. X.^ Plural Nouns and Pronouns. My brother N' mat My brothers N' niat-aog Thy brother K* mat Thy brothers K* mat-aog His brother W mat His brothers W mat-aog Our brother N* mat an ^oo Our brothers N* mat-anunnout Your brother K' mat-anoo Your brothers K' mat-anoo wout Their brother W mat-anoo Their brothers W* mat-anoo wo ug X.^ Hyphenated Plurals. In these pages we use the hyphen to join the plural ending, as in Anumm-og (=dogs). We use it for little else, so that it may remain the simple sign of plural, and explain its tangles. That their declensions might be terrible, may be guessed from the fragment just given. See xxxin.^ Spelling Indian. 31 XI/ A CRUEL FAMILY. Those two little girls have a cruel mother. Yeu-og nees-wog pesquas-suog ohto onquysu W* chewa anoo. She has a big stick. Wut ohto mis took quon. They run away. Quogquem-og yeuwutch. Where do they run.^ Tonishin quogquem-og? They hunt. At chan-og. For clams? Wutchy sucky-suog? Yes, and lobsters. Nux, kah ashonty-og. Who is that woman ? Howan no eshqu aw? That'^s their mother. W'cheewa anoo. When the Chief comes here, Nah peyam yeu ut Sontim, He beats the squaw. Atta com eshqu aw. Then the children Ne ut muckoy-og dance. po muckam-og. Because their mother Quot onch W' cheewa- sings, noo kotookam, My back ! my back ! N'' pusq ! N' pusq ! 32 XI. B Clams (blacks) Sucky-suog Lobsters, Ashonty-og I Beat Nut Attacom Back Pusq Squaw Eshq 1 Hunt, Nut At chanam I Sing N' Ketookum 1 Dance N' Po muckam [play the muckoy] Toddler Wunny chany Little Girls Pe-squas-suog Cruel Onquy Away Yeu wutch Because Quot onch Two Nees J^umtrals, xv. With Wutch For, if To, toh When Nah That person Yeuo XL^ Locatives. This and That, These and Those, Here and There, — all these words that we use to tell of the near or the far of an event or an article, either in reference to time or to place, — they had the complete outfit. But they were frequently mis- used. 33 XL^ The Wutches. In our Bible *Let' means 'prevent* in one chap- ter, and 'permit' in the next. The languages of old were thus loose and uncertain. In Indian you never know whether wutch means hither or thither, — whether he is bringing you something or carrying it away. Wutch has many meanings. In the sentence following, every word with a capital is Wutch :— we went With the men From home looking For the town To Which he belonged ; but spoke About waiting On Account of the rain. Ne wutch = Ne wutchy = Na wutch are alike in meaning. No wutch, To wutch, Yeu wutch, are not alike at all, as seen below : — newutch) 1 was enraged At him newutch) Because he had Some of my hens, newutch^ Some Folks steal From you, newutch) and keep For themselves, towutch] but Why we know not. newutch) Therefore, yeu wutch] Since he took them, towutch] we wonder What goes next. The verb is N' VVecha=I accompany. 34 XI. ^ Suffixes to Nouns. The Indian name of anything maybe a short word, but it is inclined to so many frills and flounces that it is likely to be a long one when it gets fully festooned. Our only hope here then is to keep the addi- tions so separated from the word itself that we can find it. Here are some of the suffixes which an eagle, or other noun, is liable to carry : I My eaglfe N' wewes um 2« Our eagle N' wewes- amun 3 I wash) my eagle N' wewes aw 4 I don't wash) my eagle N wewes aw oo The first ending, um, means My. The second, -amun, means Our. The third, aw, is objective, tells who got washed. The fourth adds 00= not. Now add -emess for a little eagle, and a good plural-ending from X.^ for tail-feathers. And these are only the more common suffixes. Nearly every noun seems to have a lot of gurgles after it. But these were not always used. In 35 ordinary conversation they often dropped off if unnecessary to the sense. (Read Clipping, x\v.^ and 0hje6iive^ xvi.^ XII.^A HOT AFTERNOON. I'm going (I go) out Pish Nut assawham. Wait. Kut askwy. Where'll we go ? To nishin N' wom-amun? Not far, it's too hot. Matta assa, wus sammy kos pitta. You say well. K' wun-wunno wem. I'll put on a wet coat. N' codnam wuttapoky oicut. Good! you shall have Wun negin! pish Kut my clothing. ohtos Nut ogcooonk. Give me your fat-man's coat. Innnunamy K'wunogques pc-tokos. Are you making a fire ? Sun K' squottam un ? It will cool me. Pish N' sonk. When the coat is dried, Nah nunnapaey oicut, ril put you on ice. Pish K'poon en cup ut. 36 .1 N XII. B Fat man Wun ogques Give ! In nunam ! Clothing Ogcoo/onk 1 Put on N' Codnam Coat Pet-ocot, Oic ut I Wait Nut Asquy ** Ah coon ^ I Go out Nut Assawham River Sippy, Se ip I Do right N* Wun no wem I build (some) Fire N' Squattam(un) Hot Cos pitta Dried Nunnap ayey Wet Wuttap oky Not Far Matta assaw XI I.^ Present Tense. 1 I kill N' nishteam 2 You kill IC nishteam 3 He kills JW'] nishteam 4 We kill N' nish team-am'-' un 5 Ye kill K* nish te am-amoo 6 They kill JW'] nish te am-amog JThe pronoun W*, in 3 and 6, is ofif or on at pleasure. There are but very few irregular verbs in this language, though endings were often clipped. 37 Any verb having already an m, takes on, en, or IN for its ending, as — N' wommon I love Nut ad tumen I receive But the old writers had the absurdest way of annexing a preposition or an adverb to the verb, such as EN or in (=in), or un (=some), till a good honest verb, like — N* worn in I trudge on would look in its very simplest forms like this : — Noowommin, plural Noowomminamun. Nut ohto, and N* machee, both meaning / have, seldom use any endings. XII. ^ Abbreviated Pronouns. We say A pear, but An apple, because apple begins with a vowel. So the Indians would say, N' monnish, (my hen), but Nut anumm, (my dog), changing the pronoun from N' to Nut to fit the noun. A few familiar nouns, however^ do not bother with Kut and Nut, as N' ogh, [=my father], N' eek, [=my house]. But the Nut, Kut, Wut, are not the real pronouns. They are only Joining Sounds. 38 XIII.'^ HUNTERS. f An old lady goes there. Yeuut worn wenisuk. Why carries he that To wutch tashuri J old gun ? cho wiey peshkonk ? He's a huntress. At chay sq, yeuo. ' Yes, he has a grey fox. Nux, ohto pequawus. And two little white Kah nees-wog ' foxes. pe-wonkus-suog. We '11 go and hunt Pish N' om-amun kah too. atchan-amun, nano. I may kill a wolf: Wo nish te am na tookus Neen : Then I '11 get five pounds. Ne ut N' chu etam na panna tashy pound-uash. You may shoot Wo K' niss shep aw a sheep or a cow. assa cow aw. Or my calf. .\ssa Neen puppe-cow aw. I love all the animals. N' wommonsh wamy Wut ashim-oo og. I sometimes hug a Mo mannish N* wek ^ deer. ogcunnam ah tuck. ? 39 XIII.« Muskrat Masko ash 1 Love N' Wommon Deer Ahtuck I Hug N'Wekog cunnam Wolf Natookuss I Eat N' Meechin White Fox Wonkuss I Carry N* Tashunnam Grey Fox Pequawuss Old (things) Chowiey Animal Ashim, Oshim Fish Namose/ Young Animal Puppe-nashim Five Napanna ■ XIII.^ Furs. Beaver, of old, was the plentiful fur, later seal, and now mink, which is also the most durable. Mink is "American Sable. ^' The beautiful sea-otters were sometimes taken here. They are now nearly extinct everywhere, and one pelt is wor:h $1000, while a real Russia sable's eight-inch jacket sells for only $250. A seali>kin brings $25. An otter pawms his wardrobe for $8, a beaver for $5, a mink for $1.50, while a muskrat is happy to gf^t eight cents, knowing that his fur will be made up as •^Electric Seal", as are those of cats, rabbits, and skunks. 40 The seal and all the fur-bearers of Canada are being exterminated, but it is promised that they will soon be farm-bred. Odorous skins are sweetened by twenty-four hours' burial. They are stretched, scraped, salted, and tanned. Then they are rubbed soft, and the coarse outer hairs pulled out. Some are dyed, — skunk, fox, muskrat, seal, but seldom marten, mink, or otter. XIII.^ Whd Animals. The names of the American quadrupeds, as handed down to us by the three preachers, are rather laughable. The Natives must have had better names for them all. But the preachers did not understand Indian very well, probably not Natural History, either. The names here following are the Ashims only, — placed together in a little menageiie. Kus, or cuss, and puppy will never be forgotten. Let it be remembered that every male beast was an Inno ashim, a young beast was a Puppe-nashim, and a female beast a Squ ashim. 41 Ashim-wog Noon ash Beasts Deer Muckan ashim Wolf muck a . drove Muck ishiiii t » Muck qu oshim ( t Mes qu Wonk oshim uss Red Fox White Fox mesquy wonky red white Pequaw Natook uss uss Grey Fox Wolf pequy grey Mask qu ash Muskrat mask grass Mosq Wequ ashim Bear Wild Swan mosq wek angry happy XIII/ Clippino Sentences. Although the Indians could swing Words that were ponderous and dignified, yet they had the clipping-habit which we notice every\<^here : — What would you wish to have to eat ? =Teagwy Kut ohtos wutchy meecheonat? That is polite parlance, but a snap of half-words expresses just as much : — Teag K' meech? Whattly have? That has a familiar sound to our ears. (Read Slipshod Speech, xxxix.^ 42 XIV.^ THE COMFORTS OF LIFE, Have you a good house ? I've a little wigwam. It has a door. Is it a blanket ? Yes. I've a bed. Is that a red blanket ? No ; a blue one. I have a nice seat. Is that a — No, no, a box. In my house I have a (my) basket. What's in it ? A big black snake. Will he eat you ? My goat will eat him. And the basket. Sun Kut ohtos wunny wetu? Nut ohto N'eek-emess. Ohto usquant. Sun ne pinna quet ? Nux, Ohto Nut oppin. Sun ne mishquy pinna quet ? Matta ; peshy pasuck. Nut ohto wunny pu onk, Sun ne — Matchy-og, pookshack. N' eek in Nut ohto N' sag kissa nucky. Te ag en ? Missy mo ascook. Sun pish Nag K' meech ? N'goat pish W''meech oh. Kah kissa nucky aw! 43 . XIV.« Wigwam Eek Basket Sag kissa nucky House Wetu Box Pookshack Door Usquant Seat Pu onk Bed Op pin Red Mishquy Blanket Pinna quet Black Mooy One Pasuck XIV/ ^ Houses. Two words mean House, — Wetu and Eek, but not a White man's house. Wetu was more of a house than Eek, and might be long and lofty » with two or three hreplaces. Their walls were double, both hides, and they thought them far more weather- proof than ours. The word Wigwam did not belong here ; these tribes thought it was English and gladly adopted it. Many Chippeway words caught the European fancy, and some even from far south, before The New England Real Estate Trust Company started in. 44 XIV.^ Inanimate Nouns. So far we have had plurals of Living Beings, formed by adding -og. Now we speak of Things, — things without breath. For their plural they add -ash, and not -og. What was said [X.^] of the two-syllable -og ending will apply equally to the -ash ending, and should be read again. A good share of these words add two syllables for the plural, — -an ''ash, -et/ash, -eg'ash, etc., and the first svllable thus added takes the chief accent of the whole word. But the ash ending often has another meaning : It is short for Ashim [=animal], plural ashim-og or ashim-wog. This is pronounced more like Osh. It seems as if vour task were now doubled : for the whole sentence is affected bv the Inanimate Plural. For instance, here are four kinds of whiches, let alone the whats : Howan Howan-ig Uttiyeu Uttiyeu-sh which [man — men — house — houses] Animate &* plural Inanimate &* plural 45 XV/ CAMP-DIET. Where do you eat ? Tonno K* meech ? In my wigwam. Do you have good food? Oh, yes. For breakfast, Corncakes and fruits. What for drink ? I drink water. Do you have bread ? Not white bread, Like the White folks. What for supper ? N' eekin. Sun Kut ohtos wunny metsuonk ? Ooy, nux. Wutchy nomo ayey met, Eechy minny-ash kah met tuckquy-ash. Teag wutchy tattam oo onk ? N* tattam nip. Sun Kut ohtos pe-tuck quin-ash ? Matta woinpy tuck oo-ash Neany Ahcoon-og. Teag wutchy waye ant ? I have fish or meat. Ohto namose assa weyus. Sometimes berries ? Mo mannish minny-ash as ? Yes, beans, apples, watermelon. Nux, masko-ash, meechim oo onk-quanash, ohos ket ammock. 4() XV. B Food Met suonk Beverage Tattam oo onk Meat Weyus Spoon Nam (finder) Breakfast Nomoayey met Supper Waye ant met Water Nip 1 Drink N' Tattam Table Tas puonk Loaf Pe-tuckqiiin Berries Minny-ash Beans Masko-ash Corncakes Eechy minny-ash Watermelon Ohos ket ammock Fruits Met tuckquy-ash (eatables) Apples Meechimoo onk-quanash '* XV.^ Numerals. The Indians used the same ''Arabic," or ten- fingered counting system that we do. An eight- fingered system would be more sensible for all. It will be seen that some of the words are used over again on the second handful, but there was a different accent, or other distinction Naquotta is One and Six, but Six always carries a plural- ending. Na quotta-suo^»" or Na quorta-tash. Furthermore, another word for One (=Pasuck) was generally u^ed, except for reckoning. 47 o ^.^ I- O X CO O M ^ O X 3 CO uj [^, /: O o) CO r- ®y 2 COUNTING ON THE FINGERS. o s ^ o UJ X 3 V ^ (0 o z ^m^ > < V- OJ 00 rt z o < « o CL d < -41 z ■^ - LO — "- — — Excepting i, th< plural. To count ^se numbers generally carry a rapidly they were clipped as o Konte ag I 2 N* quot Nees 1 1 12 Nab N' quot Nab Nees 3 Nish H Nab Nish 4 You 13 Nabo You 5 Npan 15 Nab N*pan 6 7 N' quot Sosuck 8 Shwo 9 Ps cook ID Piog 20 [ >Jees ne chack 48 2 1 Nees Ne chack Naquotta add plural -codtog or -codtash 30 Nishwy Ne chack 40 Yauwy Ne chack 50 Na panna-tashwy Ne chack This Ne chack is probably Nutcheck(=hand). XV.^ Objective Case. When we say in English Cain slew Abel, the order of the words tells whose funeral it was. Among the Indians no such arrangement was ever made that the survivor should be named first. Therefore, when there were two parties con- cerned, it was customary to groan after the name of the victim or recipient. And not only in murder cases, but in any transaction between people. Slew Abel aw Cain. Make a tasteful selection from the following assortment of groans wherewith^ to adorn your Objective, so as best to express ydtir feelings : — aw, uh, oh, ah ; but remember, after k, quaw ; after g, kaw. ^ead Faulty (Pronouns ^ xxxi.^ 49 XVI/ THE TURKEY SUPPER. Roast the turkey! Apwonnish nehum aw! Don't set the house afire. Aquy checkotash wetu. You go for (some) Kut om wutch utto cooka mess. Yeu ut attookquon-ash wutchy staw. Tonno nips.^ En tokeckum ut. Mat Kut atto homock uo ? Nut ohto quinno wask. Wutch no coohoo mouse atto cook ayey Pish Nut ohto mishod tap pu onk. Pish moo cheeky N' meechin-amun. kindling. Here are some chips for the fire. Where*s the water ? In the spring. Have you no well ? I have a deep bottle. With this boiled owl We will have a great feast. We will eat very much. I'll go for the Pish N' pattonam Powaskytuy Bottly Man now. Enin yeuyeu. 50 XVI. 6 Owl Coohoo mouse Doctor Powaskytuy Enin Stick Attookquon Bottle Qulnno vvask Kindlings Utto cooka mess A Spring Tokeckum Feast Mishodtappu^onk A Well Attohomock I Boil NutAttocookquon I Kindle NXheckotam Some-=Unny before a noun [some chips] is not used. The un is often suffixed to a verb : — Nut ohto un^= I have some XVI.^ Dinner. Three meals a day were unheard of among the Indians. So the English, inquiring what word meant Dinner, heard two Breakfast words. One was Early meal, and the other Rising meal. There was no Dinner word. When food came in plentifully, the Indians wisely believed that one meal a day was enough. You should not begin too early, however, as you might give in before night. When food was scarce they drew up a notch in the belt.' 51 XVI. ^ Incomplete Future Tense. In the "learned languages" future verbs come readymade. But in Indian as well as in English we have to build one with a shall or a will. Pish Shall or Will Mos Must or Can Wo May They act separatf.'ly or together. A wise use of these auxiliaries will carry a sentence into the sweet by-and-by. XVI. ^ Passive Voice. While K* quogquem means You run, the K on K' nishteam is oftener the slain than the slayer, — the Abel than the Cain, because slay is a transitive verb, between two parties. To mention both we say : — K' nishieam Neen, I slay you, or better, You are slain by me. Then here is another way: — K* nishteamish You I slav N' nishteamy Me you slay N' nishteamuk Me he slays These put the emphasis on the passive party. • 52 XVII.^ THE BOASTER. I will kill many Pish N' nish team enemies. I fear none. I have new powder, Therefore my gun is hungry. I will load (feed) my thunderer. Then I will hunt mona-oggy matwa-og. Ma N' wesass. Nut ohto wusky sabuck, Ne wutchy cattup N' peshkonk. Pish N* meechim uk N' peshkonk. Ne ut pish atchanash the White men. Womposketomp-ayog kaw. The enemies are Matwa-og wuskeechy on the mountain, W achuset, In their fort. Ut W mennuckyonk quot-anoo. We will secretly go Pish Nut om-amun ut otan ut, Pish N' mish-coo unnam- amun onquy-ayog, Sun pish mat nuckishoo-og kah quogquemcxD-og! Ne ut pish N* cummootish W* mish-aucook-anoo. 53 to their town, We will whoop savagely, Will they not tremble and run ! Then will I steal their big kettle. XVII.« I Give Warwhoop N* Mish-coo unnam Town Otan/ I Fear N' Wesassam Mountain Achoo/ I Hunger N' Codtup '' N* Cattup Stronghold Men/nucky onk Kettle Aucook I Load N* Meechim uk Nobody Ma I Steal N'Cummootam Powder Sabuck I Tremble N' Nuckisham Savagely Onquy So, Therefore Newutch Secretly Pogodchuy Upon Wuskeechy How many To-suog XVII. ^ UT OR ET,=AT. Both ends of an Indian place-name were gen- erally decorated with At. The Eng'ish supposed the final -ut was part of the name, as on Con- necticut, and there it ever will remain, and on a thousand others. For beauty's sake it is often spelt -et, -ett, -etts, as on Massachusetts. Ut after a vowel, or after n, becomes -sut or -set, as on Neponset. After k it is -quot. So whenever you seek the meaning of a place- name, there are four kinds of At to be cut off. 54 XVII. ^ Inanimate Adjectives. Any adjective (say Black) takes a plural end- ing as much as its noun (say Horses), thus. — Mooy-suog Horse-ayog.=black horses ; Atchu- ashy quinne-tash. But each word must wear its own peculiar plural, only keeping, to the noun's gender : -ash -ash ; -og -og. An adjective (say Black) steals the pronoun [N'] from its noun, N' horse; then it reads : — N' mooy su horse = My black horse. The inanimate adjectives end in y. [See ii.^] A pretty flower Wunny peshow Inanimate A pretty maid Wunny su pe-shq Aniynate The animate endings are es, aes, esu, esuy, et, etu, etuy. after k & g ques, kes, etc. In choosing between su and tu, su means rather the small and the nice, while tu means the great and important. Still, the choice comes as much from the sound of the sentence. One of these endings added to a noun, or to a verb, will make it an adjective. But this cs ending sounds like the Diminutive Little, hence we spell the Diminutive, ess. 55 PLURAL. A pretty flower Wunny peshow Pretty flowers Wunne-tash peshow- ganash A pretty boy Wunny su penonip Pretty bo>s Wunny-suog penomp-ayog But a long adjective may be cut if not emphatic : Pretty flowers Wun peshow-ga^nash XVII.^ Negation. Mat and Matta mean Not, also No. In this Indian you must not be satisfied with a Not in in your sentence: you must also put a loud oo somewhere in the end of your verb. The verb- ending is likely to be already long and tangled, so this oo is to be hallooed or yodeled into prom- inence : — I do not run Matta N* quogquooem. In English we are forbidden to double our negatives, yet most other peoples do. Another way of using a negative is in ques- tioning : Nippeo ? Have you no water ? Mayuo ? Is there no road ? 56 XVIII/ DOWN ON THE FARM. While I go to war, To sacky Nut om a i yeu etty on ganit, My daughter digs N* ton an askam my garden. Nut ahteock. Is that your garden ? Sun nanoky Kut ahteock? No, that's a rocky field. Mat, nanoky quosset. I have a good farm. Is it all lowland ? Yes, to that wall. Do you build walls Me ? pooh ! no, I'm married. A weak man you are ! No, I am strong and brave. Have you no man ? He's off today. To Boston.'* To Charlestown. Nut ohto wun okomuck. Sun ne wamy noookoy? Nux, ut ne quossuckquon utonk. Sun Ken ayom quossuckquon uton-gash ? Neen ? chah ! mat, N' mittam wossissu. Nucky su Enin Ken ! Mat, Neen menne ky su kah ken ompy su. Innuo ? Monchemu eyeu. Ut Shawm ut.'* Ut Mis-shawm ut. 57 ■4 XVIII.^ Farm Oko muck I Build or Make Ayom Lowland Noookoy I Dig Nut Anaskam Rockland Quosset [Cohasset] Today Eyeu, Yeu Ke suckod Wall Quos suckquon ut onk War A i yeu/ etty onk Brave Ken ompy su Garden Ah teock Weak Nucky su Pshaw ! Chah ! While To sacky XVI 11.^ Few Consonants Vocalized. Mettuk and Mcttug are the same word, but the k is whispered and the g is vocalized. Sten- ographers know very well the whispered py /, ch^ k, and their mates, vocalized consonants, b,d,j\ g, for which latter they make heavy strokes. Our students also need to know these two lists thor- oughly well. These tribes rarely vocalized, only to avoid a similar word. Search these pages for the very scarce b, d,j\ g^ z. Any word having one of these we are suspicious of, — say Niagara. Is it not an outsider ? This language had virtually but fourteen letters. 58 XIX/ GOOD TO EAT. Want something K' quehickquas good ? What is good ? The strawbeiry! Oh, yes! wunteag? vi.^ Teagquas wunny? Wau takem in ! Ooy, nuxy! Are there many now? Ne mona-tash yeuyeu? We get many N* codtucam-amun mona-tash boatloads. Where ? By the two brooks. They are very sweet. And English cherries are good. Do you like peaches.^ No, the stones hurt Mat, quossuck-quanash my stomach, woskyhuam-ash N'poochennu. Blackberries soon. Tok oko minny-ash paswesy. 59 num mishawm-atash. Tonno? Ut neeso-ash sippe mess-oash ut. Moocheck weety-ashy. Kah wunne-tash Chauq quossuck o minny-ash. K* quehick quas peaches-ash ? XIX.« Strawberries Wau take minny-ash Cherries (stone berries) Quossuck o minny-ash Blackberries Tok oko minny-ash Tree Mettuk (=food from it) I want N' que nowe hick N' quehick I gather N' Codtucam Sweet Weety My stomach N' Pooch ennu Full Numwayey Boat Mishawm^ What thing Teag Stone, Rock Quossuck Soon Paswesy XIX.^^ Hard Words. Long, strange words are hard on eyes, heads, memories. The first men to spell Indian did their best, but the medicine which Eliot prepared was too strenuous, and his patients all died. Two hundred years rolled away, during which no one learned to read the forgotten tongue, though many studied it. But modern methods will make it comparatively easy to learn. During these latter years it is ccnstantly grow- ing more popular, and may presently become an attractive study. ^ead Long Words ^ xxx.^, and Spelling Indian, xxxiii.^ 60 XX.^ CALLING NAMES. Is your father at home? Sun appu K'osh? No, he's in his field. Do you live here? Yes, what do you want ? His daughter. Me ! you go off! xii.^ Tm not ready. You Ve a hayseed. Mat, No en Wut osk ut. Yeu K* cowish? Nux^ teag K'quehick? No ton. Neen ! sohash ! Mat N' pahtis. Ken osky no minny aw. You Ve a pretty girl. You 're a haddock. You 're a summer flower, Oh, my blackberry blossom ! Go and lose yourself ! Tell your father Ken wun nunkshq aw. Ken packy notam aw. Ken nepon aycy peshow ah, Ooy, N' tokoko minny peshow oh ! Womsh, kah ooantash K' hog kaw ! Ooonchish K'ogh I will give thiee Pish Neen innunam nish-wog dogs for you. anumm-og wutchy Ken. Thank you, good by ! Wunny uy, howan sheck! 61 xx.» Seeds Osky no minny-ash Field Osk I Depart N' Moncheem Flower Peshow I Lose Nut Ooantam Summer Nepon I 'm Ready N' Pahtis Haddock Notam I Dwell, Sleep Myself N' Hog N' Coweem My Body ' * At Home (sitting) Appu ' Good-by Howan sheck Thank you Wunnyuy ^ Teag. Te ag is an odd word. Originally it means A Thing. In asking, What thing do you want ? we omit Thing, they omit What. So they say, Thing you want? Then the plural, Te ag-o ash, — although it means Some Things, Any Things, What Things? has a more important meaning: — Te ag-o ash means Money, those pretty round metal things the Englishmen pulled out of their pockets. These Natives knew no metals whatever till the ships came. CRead Wampum y xxix. 62 XX.^ K- Final and G-Final. G-final sounds like gk. Hog (=body) is Hogk. When a word ends with g or k, the sound is like qu, so that Peshkonk (=gun) ends like blowing out a lamp. It is sometimes written q, as in Mosq^bear. But it is when a syllable is added that the q comes in sight. Not Ut quossuck ut At the rock Say Ut quossuck quot Not Mettuk in In-tree=Fruit Say Mettuk quin or as often written Metukwin The puff of the k turns the in into quin, and the ut into quot or wut. Some exceptions may be seen at viii.*^ XX.^ Imperative Mode. This means the Emperors's mode of ordering people, only we all do it. As we see in '*You be hanged !" Imperative is oftener an earnest way of speaking than an actual command. W nishte amish! Let me kill him! K' nishte amish! Kill him! W nishte amitch ! Let him kill him! 63 Then there is a milder grade, like this : — K wommonsh ! I'love you ! ^' wommonsh ! Love me ! or even N' wommonse ! Please to love me ! till some of these get considerably entangled with the Passive form shown in xvi.^ XX.^ AUGMENTATIVES. Diiiiinutives were described at vnr.^, such as Pe-mat=liitle brother, which we mark \\\\h a hyphen. The Augmentativ^es are — miss- or mish- great ket- very great These prefixes are inclined to combine with the nouns, so that often no hyphen can mark them, as in misha\vm/ = hoat, kettoon^ =rrrship. ^ Previous Races. Nowhere on earth are there fewer traces of former occupancy. Lighifooted they came here and went. A few of the old place-names do not probably belong to our Red Men. And it seems likely they come from earlier tribes or races. 64 XXI/ FARMSTRESSES. The farmer has a man. OketyEnin ohto Innum. They have two hoes. Oht-og neeso-ash anoskeeg-anash. They go to the garden. Om-og en ahteockquot. And bring a basket. Kah patton-og mun notty. Seeds are in the Osky nominny-ash en basket. mun notty. The farmer is tall, Okety In quinogques, And very fat. Kah wun-wunogques. His wife is a tot. Mittamwossis pe-ogquessu. While the wives dig, To sacky mittam wossis- suog anosk-og, The four boys W you-og noncomp-ayog Sit on the fence. Ap pu-og wus keechy okcoonos. They aim stones Misantain-iDrg hassan-ash At their mothers. Ut W chewa-anoo-o-ut aw. The men laugh. Wosketomp-ayog hahanu-og. 65 XXI.« Servant Innum Small bodied Pe-ogquessu Farmer Okety Enin I Sit Nut Appuam Fence Okcoonos To En^ Ut Hoes An oskeeg-anash In, Into " " Basket Munnotty XXI.^ Ah COON ^ When the English settled on these shores., and the great changes began, this cry was in every Indian mouth. In 1620 the natives had been prosperous and even wealthy. In 1660 they were poverty-stricken. Ahcoon was a coat, and they must wear it. Okcoonos was a fence, running everywhere. Ahcoon, the English, overrunning everything. Wunnycoony, — pious af4;er a foreign fashion. These words show what was doing. Coo, a cover for all lands and for all bodies, this was the outward sign of the inward change. But Wunnycoon nice clothes! oh, what a name for Piety! Coon is snow, — the great white spread that so soon was over all the eastern tribes. 6G XXI. c Grass- Words. There were some words the Natives used in- cessantly. They made such words serve many purposes. It would fill a page to name all the uses that the word Ask (= grass) was put to, as it includ- ed all weeds and herbs. With a few appendages it came to mean — a field, a meadow, a color, also hoes, hays, and homony. It was sometimes Ask, and sometimes Ask it. Sometimes it wore an M=Mask. The following list contains but a part of the ask-words : Grass Fiel'd Hay Green Trout Herbs Tree-names ended in -mis and -tuck, though both of those endings had other meanings. It is a pity we have no full list of their plant- names. A few, such as Sassafras. Hackmatack, remain with us. 67 Hoe Fur Dig Muskrat Heans Bear Watermelon Angry Cucumber Raw Seeds Snake XXII/ ODD INDIAN IDIOMS. The old men fishes under the boat. Your wife, is he smart? He sicks. The grasses greens this year. There are too much flowers. Those flowers are pretties. Homes-og aum-og ukquy mishawm. K' weewo sun pappoantamuy.'^ Moch innuk, No. Mosky- tuash askasky- tuash )eu kakod. Wussammy uppeshow-ash. Yeu-sh uppeshow-ash wunne-tashy. Are there many hay Sun mona-tash mosky-tuash In your eating-house? en K'meechy mucko muck quot ? Tauba, tauba. K* skeesuk -quash meshquy-tash. N' hog vvamy meshquy. K' waytos wadto coony ? Enough, thanks. Your eyes reds. My self is all red. Do you understand coat- talk (English) ? 68 XXI I. « Wife Weewo, Mittummas, Loganna Old Man Homes, Kechius Year Kakod, Codtummo Barn Meechy mucko muck (eating-house) Eyes Skeesuck-quash Field Oskosk I Understand N'Waytam Green Askasky I Speak Nut Unon tooam Pretty Wunnet Active Pappo antam Tauba, Enough Under Ukquy Thank you Sick Moch inny a XXI I. ^ Stammering for Emphasis. They had an odd way of beginning a word twice to express their feelings. Yeu [=this] becomes Yeuyeu [=this moment]. Men-menne ky Very strong K' me-meech You 're a capacious eater The end of a word was sometimes similarly doubled to give force to a remark, — as though one should call you a fellow-low, or her a rein- deer-deer. This doubling was in constant use among them. 69 Long Words are now meeting us at every turn. But the worst of them are the pluralized verbs, and those we need not patronize much hereafter. See xxx. XXI F. Lost Articles. Not many languages have a The and an A, although we would feel lost without what we have used every moment of our lives. In this Indian language here is something which re- minds one of the Articles: — On the word M ask (=grass), and on many other nouns was an M which was on or off at the speaker's pleasure. Whether it had once been an Article, or was intending to be one later, you must judge. M'ask might mean A plant or The plant, or it might be simply the preparatory croak which some talkers emit. Many parts of the human body have this loose M on them, as Muskeesuck, or Skeesuck, (eye). Meanwhile, the M on many another similar word is not loose at all. So we are safe to say, This Indian Language has no '* steady" Article, either A or The. 70 blue eyes ? Not often. I don*t have XXIII/ OFF COLOR. Do Squaws have Sun ohtos eshqu-oggy peshy-tashy skeesuck-quash ? Mat tashy. Mat Neen ohtooo moo- black eyes often. skeesuck-quash tashy. You 're not yet Asquam mat wossuck aw Ken. Sun wunny-suog tackquy-uog.'^ Keky-suog kah mooy-suog. Neen meshquy su, wompy su, kah peshytu. Ne a i yeu etty an ogquy onk. Yen kesuckod Nut om kah mecutyash, Tomorrow I marry Saup pish N' seentash those two girls, nag nees-wog nunksqu-og. You '11 have three Pish Ken phto nish-wosh black eyes then . moo-skeesuck-quash ne ut. 71 a husband. Are the twins handsome ? They Ve old and black. I'm red, white, and blue. That's war-paint. Today I go and fight, XXIII.« Twins Tackquy-og I Fight N'Mecute^am Husband Wossuck I Marry N' Seentam Paint An ogquy onk Aged Kiky Of is generally omitted Often Tashy These or those Yeu-og, Yeu-nash, Nag, Ne-eg ^ Indian Books Inaccurate. There was quite a number of Indian books printed in the early days, on both sides of the ocean, and they were very inaccurate. Added to the difficulties the Natives met in reading their own tongue, printed withthewordsruntogether, as it then was, worse yet, the blunders of the trans- lators were incessant. One finds on a page without search such errors as these : — lest ye be = ? at least ye be as = ? ax how much -= ? what a lot These statements have no reference to the spelling or grammar, which will never be estab- lished, but refer wholly to the intended meaning, and this is a serious matter. 72 XXIII. ^ Geographical Limits These tribes did not understand those of Ban- gor, or Montreal, or Albany. The present chief of the Pcnobscots recognizes but few words of this Mohegan, or of the Iroquois near Montreal. But our forefathers found the dialects similar along the Coast as far down as Maryland. Eliot's *'bright red boy," who did much of the labor at printing the Indian Bible at Cambridge, was a Pequot from Long Island. .There are so many familiar Indian words on the North American map, scattered even three thousand miles away to the west and north, like the river Mississippi and the lake Winnipeg, that one is persuaded that this same language was almost Continental in range. Nevertheless, there were tribal differences everywhere, and some sufficient to prevent ready intercourse. ^Explanations. Many little idioms and oddities we do not explain at all. They are shown in the sentences, which is sufficient to illustrate them for you. We want few rules rather than a hard, heavy book. 73 XXIV/ KINDNESS. This world does not please me. It is blind to my goodness. M'tah oky ut mat N* hoosack ette oo am. Pogkinnuk quossish Neen wunneguk. I do not harm any one, Mat N' wosky hu oo am nanwy, And I do not boast. Kah mat misho wan oo am. At dawn Ut pooto-ash ut I bring my mother Pat tonash wutchy N' cheewa her hatchet. chich eg. He goes to the woods. Worn ut min tucko muckquot. Mat W ke nuppy oo ash. Ne ut N'covveem nopaj met ahquompy. N' cowommen wutchy N'wunny chewa. Nooky tomissin wud tookquon-ash. Mat Nut ootoo woo am N' nomo ayey met. 74 I do not hurry him. Then I sleep till grub-time. I dream of my good niother. Softly he cuts the wood. I do not criticise my breakfast. i XXIV." I , World M'tah oky I Satisfy N* Hoosack et team «. The Work Ana kau suonk Dawn Pooto-ash I Do Nut Assam, Issam Time Ahquompy I Dream N*Covvommen Hatchet Chich eg I Cut N' To missin '' Hegan I'm Blind N* Pogkinnish Woods Min tucko muck Softly Nooky Anyone Nanwy I Boast N' Mishowannam Until No pajjy I Complain Nut Oo toowam I Drive N' Ken uppeam Concerning Quossish Goodness Wun neg/uk XXIV.^ The Onk-Ending. They had many verbs and few nouns. It was whatever they did that they had a word for ; but for the tools they did it with, they had to alter words. So it was Nouns while you wait, xxxv.^ To chop was Tog, but for axe they had no word but chopper [-^Togkonk]. To dig was Wanty, and a shovel was a Wantyooonk. Thus all manner of implements, and deeds as well, were -onks, — plural, on-gash. Kitchonk claw Magquonk gift Matwaonk battle 75 XXIV.^ Changeable Vowels. I travel N' pummin, N' pommin, N' pimmin A rock Ouussuck, quossuck, quisseck, quassuck These may serve as samples of many deceptive words, — 'Mightning-change artists." In an instant they re-appear in quite another color, but for no reason that you can discover. Yet there may be a reason, such as — 1 To fit the sound of other words. 2 Another person's way of speaking. 3 And sometimes the new vowel shades } the meaning. Quinny refers to height, depth. A Quonny refers to distance, length. But when words have a changeable vowel on the very beginning, how are you to find them in the dictionary.^ There would be no end to the words or the dictionaries. Yet there are many such words, as for instance : — Ask, osk, grass Anta, onta, go 76 XXV.^ NIGHT IN THE BACKWOODS. It 's darksome tonight. Pokunny yeu nocut. No moon, no star. Matta nanny, mat anox. The wolves howl Natookuss-suog all night. on too-wog wamy nocut. The sheep are in Shep-seog en the barn, — muckomuck quot, — The pigs in the house. Pigs-ayog N' eekin. They must not get Matta mos peyam oo in my bed. en Nut oppin. We fear no wolves. Matta N' wabesoo-amun natookuss-suog. I set a gun N'poonam peshkonk ut in the field, ahteock quot, And it has a long string. Kah ohto quannap. Sometimes it shoots Moman ish pummoke in the night, en nocut, A wolf or Na tookuss assa a fox. wonk uss. I wake suddenly, N' tokeem tiadchyuy. Oh! sometimes Ooy! moman ish a young man. wusky nin aw. 77 xxv.« Moon Nanny So late Netatsha Star Nox(xxxvii.^) Suddenly Tiadchy Night Nocod I Howl Nut On toowam String Nap I *m Afraid N' Wabes When To neit Dark Pokunny XXV.^ The Terrible Verbs. Do you know how very, very many twists one ordinary verb has — I Feed, for instance? Over seven hundred ! Now count: Here are we four people in a room, you and I, and your parents, enacting the Native ceremony of feeding each other with a bone spoon. I feed i myself, 2 thee, 3 him, 4 her ; 5 us, 6 you, 7 them, just as I formerly did feed etc., etc., 7, and previously had fed 7, =21. Then it is your turn for 21, and his, and hers, and ours, etc. ,==147. Also the "did not" feed, and the may, and the might, and the must, and the shall, etc., — till in one unbroken harangue you may .continue for hours without ever twice making the same statement. 78 But before the first hour on this first spoonery verb is out, there will be a hurry-call for doctors, ambulance, police^ coroner. **He started in to recite a Muh hekan ny verb." "Was it irregular?'* "No, no! just plain." But the horrors of those long-winded Indian verbs need not worry us. Place-names are what we seek. And we need as few verbs for our conversation as the little child. He talks busily all day with his four verbs and keeps the whole family smiling, listening, happy. XXV.^ Verb-Rules. 1 Present ending, am. 2 Plural adds -amun, -amoo, -og. 3 Passive has active endings, ish, my, uk. 4 Receiving pronoun joins verb. 5 If none, then active pronoun joins verb. 6 Whichever joins, — the doer's whole pro- noun if important, may precede the initial. 7 Imperative endings, ish, ish, itch. 8 Verbs in Why or Should end in ean. 9 Future begins with pish. - lo Past adds ap. -— 79 XXVI / A FISH DINNER. The fisherman goes in his boat. He has many Unas and hooks. He sees a ship at sea. But herrings are in his eye. He brings fishes to his children. His wife brings clams, And lobsters. Do you love roasted Tooquinny Enin mishawm wommen. Ohto mona-tashy nappy- ash kah ukquon-ash. Naum ketoonuk ut ketta quot. Quot om mess-suog en No skeesuck quot. Patton am na mohs-suog wutchy W'chany-ogkaw. Weewo patton am sucky-suog, Kah ashyanty-og. K' quehickquas apwosu- nose-covers (oysters) } og chun coo-og ? I love blackies better, N' quehick siicky-suok (clams) wuneguk, And shooters. Kah poganny ket oo-og. (mackerel) 80 XXVI.« Mackerel Poganny ketoo' Hook Ukquon Ship Ketoonuk Herring Ommess Sea Ketta Fish Aum, Awm, Om Fisherman Tooquinny Enin [hookerman] Oyster Chuncoo Better Wun eg^uk XXVI. c Water. There are three principal words for water, — Nip, Bek, and Paw; and they have been well stirred together. Nip is water to drink or to sail on. -^^ Bee is water to sail on. — Paw is a form of the same word, as will be seen, meaning Pond or Pond water. As these words appear so often in our place- names, we give their changes in the neighboring dialects : — Nips, Nippi, Nippeh, N'peh, N'peg, Nippeg. Peg, Peg, Peh, Bee, Becquin, Beg, Beh. Pog, Paw and its plural Paug, Paugut. ^ Nip is seldom in a place-name, yet the Nipmuks near Worcester bore the name. Quinni and quonni might in some words be taken for nip. 81 i XXVI, ^ Trout. Mesquashcoo is a pretty name, — Meshquy, ask, coo,=red-gTeen coat, referring to the rain- bow-speckles on the King of the Brook. The haddock often bore the same name. ^ Canoeing. The Indian canoe is the most graceful of all water-craft, and its noiseless glide is the very poetry of motion. Like riding a wheel, canoeing was easier than walking. Our Penobscot guide said he had been to Washington and back by salt water in his canoe. He could paddle ten hours a day on sea or stream without fatigue. But hollowed logs were used for boats in Lower New England, and were called Missond,/ Misshowan, Mishoon./ Here mis- means Tree, and not size. It was Womp mishawm, chest- nut fishing-boat ; or Cowow mishoon, pine boat. A connected word is Ushawam, Isham, = I travel, I take a load. The modern canoe has like the sewing-machine spread over the earth. Made of cedar sheathing and No. 8 duck, it is far lighter and stronger than any birch. 82 XXVIU RiRCHBARK Canoes. This kind was not common in Southern New England. The yellow birch [virgilia lutea] off which it was made grew better in the mountains. The best canoes were made in winter, when the bark must be coaxed off the log with much warming and soaking. The good trees had for years been kept trimmed clean both by man and deer, and would have no shoots. So it would strip off in one great perfect sheet like a mighty hide of leather. Any breaks could always be closed with pitch and bark. As such a boat could never be very tough, it was lined with wide ribs of white ash. The thwarts were of the same, and were the only seats. As nails were not used, the covering was sewed and bound to the frame with leather thongs. A quicker job could be done when the spring bark would peel, but it was not so firm. Noble great canoes are still made in the Far North, and when full of lusty braves are a sight to be remembered. 83 XXVII Give me a drink ! How much? A little water, — Firewater. No, never. Your boat is in the water already. Yes, I must set my nets. Tomorrow I go search them. Bring me a haddock. Do you go by boat ? I '11 paddle my own canoe. ' That fisherman has a long eel. It jumps out of his boat. ,^ WATER. Nip! To shin? Nip oessy, — Nuck quottycups. Mat, namquot, K' mishoon en paugut yeu ut. Nux, pish mos . N' pona mo oo-og. Saup pish N' pona mo wommen. ' N'pattony mesquashcoo. K' mishoon pommas ? Neen nont N' wuttecam nelien oo onchy mishoon. No too quinny In ohto quonnytu queequees uh. Quishom nawutchy W mishoon. 84 ( XXVI I. » Rum Nuck quotty cups One's own Nehen oo onchy Net (taker) Pona mo I Examine N' Wonnam Haddock Mesquashcoo I Paddle N' Wuttecam Eel Queequees How much ? To shin ? Never Mat namquot It Will be Nont XXVI.^ Similarities Betw^een Languages. Every person who studies this Indian language at all, begins to compare it with whatever other speech he knows. And he wonders more and more where in the world these Red Men came from ; and if their language is not, after all, like some language of the Far East. If our own came, as we all believe, from the East around this way, did not theirs come around that other way ? And have not a few of the words stood the wear- and- tear of ao-es to meet them- selves so romantically ? It IS not probable. In whatever two languages you compare, you will always find a few words alike, and another few in the next two. As told in VI. ^ these are accidental similars. 85 Do you know about the Law of Chances ? It has a fixed proportion everyw^here, and on every subject. The Warden*s wife said they had in their prison so many for murder, and when one went another came. And the same regularity, — so she asserted, — followed other crimes everywhere, — so many similars. In languages or jails, letters or fetters, so many similars : not only so many words alike but so many Rules of Grammar also alike in two wholly unrelated languages. Certain modern Specialists, born with a gift for tongues, have made a study of Speech Connections. They having arranged all Speech into Classes, Families, Branches, have decided that there is no speech- connection across the Pacific. What the savages spoke thousands of years ago, however, there is no means of knowing. We only know that all speech is changeful, and, most of all, that of roaming barbarians. It is occasionally suggested of late that the Original Race of the World may have been American and not Asiatic, the latter emigrating in prehifitoric days from this Continent. 86 xxvin.-^ VERSES. O WOSKETOMP en Nut otan, Kah No moocheck assookook: No quishap nom ut wompy misk, Kah kishcap nan' skeesuckuck! There was a man in our town, Who was not wondrous wise. He jumped into a chestnut tree, And scratched out both his eyes. O Wommons sippo ess : Ne womsy tus po muckam ; No quishom mona-tashy quis, Kah cuppa wunnonk sookam. I love a little brook : It dances down the hills ; It leaps o'er many a glistening rock, And shady basins fills. 87 XXVIII. « Chestnut tree Wompy misk (wh ite tree) Hill Tus I Scratch N Kishcam Dish Wunnonk I Pour : N' Sookam Brook Sippo ess I'm Foolish Nut Assookish Down Womsy Shut in Cuppayey Into Nom ut t XXVI 11.^ Historical Perfect Tense. They made far less use of past verbs than do we. Nor would the meaning be uncertain if you should even say, *' I see a wolf last night." " I saw," would be more rulable ; but little they knew of rules. Changing the -am ending of a present verb to -ap will give the past tense to most of the verbs singular. I kill N' nishteam I come N' peyam I killed N' nishteap I came N' peyap Changing the verb into an adverb will give the recent past to some verbs: I go N' moncheem He 's gone Moncheewy Here is an irregular: I see N' naum I saw N' nunnaw 88 We give an example of a past verb : — I claimed N' pitch innum up You claimed K* pitch innum up He claimed W* pitch innum up We claimed N* pitch innum -amun nonnup Ye claimed IC pitch innum - amoo'Vnonnup or umvvop. They claimed W' pitch innum-wog nonnup or innup - an egg XXVIII. ^ Synonyms. A language is called Rich when it gives you a choice of words to one object, as for instance, — Girl, maid, miss, damsel, etc. The vocabular}^ of the red men was rich if not extensive, and nearly all the words in these lessons could be replaced with others just as suitable, if not quite so com- mon. It is sometimes said that half the people in the world use through life only a thousand words, — barring names. They know far more than that number by sight or sound, but are not on speak- ing: terms with them. He who usfes several thousand is to them eloquent indeed. 89 XXIX> SHOPPING. Will you go with me Pish N* wechas yeu today ? ke suckod ? To the new store ? En wusky moma chee onk ko muck quot ? They have almost everything. Perhaps : What will you buy ? A white-mannery suit of clothing. How many moneys have you } Enough. Don't you wear skin clothes ? Yes, while I hunt. But I must have a cloth coat soon, And a cap, And breeches; too. Ohto omog nishno teag. Po quatchy : Teag pish Kut ohtos? Wompos ketomp ayey og coo onk. To su-nash teago-ash Kut ohtos ? Taubat. Sun ne mat, Kut ompattos oscon ayey og coo onk ? Nux, nah Nut atchanam. Quot mos Nut ohto monajjy pe-tokos paswesy, Kah N' onquy coo, Kah pe-tappy eyonk, nano. SO ^ Wampum. A certain little white shell had a circular end like a shirr- button. This piece was cut out, and a hole or two punched in it. A black or plum- colored variety was not so common, but a few would serve to make a pattern among^ the white ones. Sewed on a belt it was Womp um pe-ag, == white shells, and was worth a dollar a fathom, that being the stretch of a man's hands, — two yards. This was Indian money. After a few years it was imitated in England, and sent over by the hundred yards. Then it lost its value. But Teago-ash was the word for English coins, [see Te ag, xx.^y And the shells were called Water-money,=Paugut-ash. ^ Infinitive Verbs. They harnessed two verbs together a-tandem just as we do: — (I want=N' quehick. I-go^N' moncheem.) I want to go=^N' quehick monchenat. The endings were onat, unat, nat, = to. • - 91 XXIX.« Is n't that so? Sun ne mat? Goods (haves) Momacheeonk Store Komuck 1 Buy (have) Nut Ohto Cloth Monaj 1 Wear Nut Ompattom I Accompany N* Wecha Leather Oscon Every Nishno Coat Pe-tocos Perhaps Poquatch Breeches Pe-tappy eyonk Ahnost Omog Cap N'Onquycoo Soon Passooessy (my severe-cover) *' Paswesy ^Nantucket. Eliot, in spelling this wild language, used no c. Like the Germans he deemed it an unnecessary letter. But posterity has not followed his system, and we find ck in a hundred native names still con- stantly in use. The word uk (=from) and some of its compounds seem, however, to resent the c as an intruder, and form an exceptional class. On the contrary, Merrimack, [say merry-mug] and a few other acks are trying to drop their k. 92 XXX/ BOW AND ARROW. Have you not a new Wusky ohtomp uo? bow? True, and arrows. Wunnegin, kah cauquot-ash, Two kinds, Neeso-ash chippanuong-anash, Good and bad. Wunny-tash kah matchy-tash. I save the good N' nannau etteam wunny-tashy for big animals. wutchy mishy nashim-wog* Will arrows kill Sun niss missogken moos aw a big moose? cauquot-ash ? By-and-by he will fall. Teanuk pish penish. Where do you get To nuk K* chu ettes your arrowheads ? K' mass-oash ? I make them, Nut ayom, And the bowstrings. Kah N* ahtomon-ash. Your quiver is fine; K' chippock wunny; What 's on it ? Te ag ne ut ? Wampum. Paugut-ash. 93 xxx.^ Bow Ohtomp I Save out N' Nannau ette am Quiver Chippock I Fall N' Pe nishom A Kind Chippa nuonk Bowstring Ahtom on Why ? To waj ? Arrowhead Mass So Unnajjy Wampum Pawgut-ash Big-bodied Missogken ^ Adverbs. He is a good hunter. He aims well. adjective, noun. verb, adverb. Here we see precisely what the difference is with us between the adjective and the adverb. The adjective gives your opinion of the man. The adverb gives your opinion of his acts. Many of our adjectives will add -ly and become adverbs, as — He is a poor hunter. He aims poorly. In their speech the same unchanged word was both adjective and adverb, and there were many of them. In both tongues there are adjectives which do not serve double, like Purple ; also adverbs, like Very. 94 ^ Your Several Memories. There is the memory of the eye, and that of the ear, of the mouth, of the hand, etc. These j members keep separate records at headquarters. Their offices are on different parts of your globe. You will recall many people who have a sur- ^ prisingly good memory for some special subject, and a poor one for others. This is because the various tablets of the brain differ in their vitality — the skill to get and to keep. How can they be developed ? Reading is eye-study, writing is memorizing by hand, like piano-practice ; listening is for ear- memory, while shouting gives both that and the muscle-memory of the mouth. You soon discover which serves you best, but you need the help of them all. ^ Long Words. By this time we are convinced that the Indians used long words. The early spellers also joined pronouns and prepositions to the main words, which we have now cut free. They will be happier apart. Like poor old Nevertheless, they have been squeezed too hard. \ 95 I ►' XXXI/ A HEARTY APPETITE. What's the row ? 1 'm very mad. With me? lets fight! P\idge! (bads) Why shouldn't you come on ? Not with you ; With that redheaded woman.. What did he do? He ate up both my muskrats together. He was hungry ? He was a greedy old squaw ! . What should you do with your hatchet? I will cut off all her her red hair. That makes good fishlines. To wopwonnonk? N'moochek mis quantam. Wutch Neen? Mecutea! Matchy-og! To waj mat K' mecon ettean ? Mat wutchy Ken ; Wutchy no meshpuck ayey Eshqu aw^ Te ag assap No ? Mochap naneeswy N' maskquas-suog aw moyeu. Sun cattup, yeuo? Summupoey Eshqu aw quaw ! ! To pish Kut ussean wutchy K' began ? Pish N' tomish w-amy W* meshquy sonk. Ne ay am wun nappy-ash. 96 XXXI.« Disturbance Wop wonnonk Head Puckuck, Ahquantap Greedy Summupoey (beaverish=hoggish) Fudge! Matchy-ogI Together Moyeu^ I Attack N' Mecon ette am I am Angry N' Misquantam (=bearish) Nut^ Kut, Wut, before et, at, ut, are occasionally Num, Kum, Wum. ^ Provincialism. Going through Latin Europe, the traveler hears in Portugal a vowelly speech, in Spain lisping, in France nasals, but in Italy real euphony. And all are Latin tongues. Passing down among our early tribes, he would hear in Maine hard consonants, — b d gg^ in New Hampshire r z, in Massachusetts s n m p t, softer words ; further south 1 f ch, open sounds. And yet many of the words would be otherwise the same. Two influences particularly affect a language : Are the people refined.'^ What is the weather? A severe climate prevents opening wide the mouth. ^ . <. 97 L^-" ^ Faulty Pronouns. In our language they are You and It. You hurt it. It hurt you. There is only the order of the words to show which was hurt, the nomina- tive and objective pronouns being the same. In Indian all the pronouns are faulty. Neen is I, and Neen is me. Thus the order of the words was important, as given at xxv.^,4,5,6. Yet the aw-objective could be added if necessary, as at xv.^ When both pronouns are plural, then the endings become complex. ^Verbal Misfits. When two words strike hard together, most languages have some convenient letter to use between them, as — a [n] ox. We have some pairs of words that no outsider can utter. Can you say "He keeps these" ? Only an English tongue can speak it. The series of articulations for psth^ coming so rapidly together, beats play- ing on a violin. Wutch Ken (.^ of you) is a similar couple, ancj the wutch turns to wutchy. This y gives th#point of your tongue a chance to break away from your upper teeth before seeking the roots of your under set. 98 XXXII.^ Yes, I love every animal. How, as a brother? As a breakfast. Among the rocks I hunt bears. In the swamps I seek beavers. In the forests I dress the meat. Do you love beaver meat ? We love the tail. And bear ? Bear's meat, — oh, jolly ! Partridges for me, Or roast pigeons. WILD MEATS. Nux, N* wommon nishno ashim oh. Utto, neany mat.^ Neany met. Na showy quossuck-quanash Nut atchanam mosq-uaog. En cuppy machaug-ash Nut at team tummunk-quaog oh. Ut min tukquin-ash Num attocookquam weyus. Sun codtantam tummunkayey weyus ? N* cod tantam-amun sook. Kah mosq ? Mosqu ayey , weyus, — wunnahunny ! Paup-oggy wutchy Neen, Assa apwo-suog wus cowen-oo og. ,•• "'- XXXII.^ Pigeon Wuscowen Among Na showy Woods Min tuckquin-ash Between ** Swamp Cuppy machaug/ I Seek Num At team I Desire N' Cod tantam Partridges Paup-og I Cook Num Attacookquam True! Wunnahunnv! ^ Old English. As we get these words at secondhand, through the writings of the early settlers, we naturally inquire what sort of Old English they used, and what plans of pronunciation they had themselves. In Colonial days many words were not spoken quite as they now are. Anna, for example, was Ahney, and gold was goold. So that we mis- trust their giving us straight tips on Vernacular. The language of Old England is made up of " cullings." Half-a-dozen nations owned that island in turn or in spots, and bequeathed us •vhole basketsful of choice words. -But over there the vowels differ with every county to this day. 100 XXXIII/ ON THE ANDROSCOGGIN, The Indians call a council. They hate the Whites. Indians wau whutto-oo: They will burn the town. A scout goes down the river. Above the great falls is a rock. Here he builds a signal-fire. A squaw loves a White man. She follows with an axe. It is a very dark night. She kills the Indian. She builds the fire Nearer the falls. powow. Misqu antam-og Chauqu-og. Pish chickos-og otan. Ushem negonsha In womsy sippu. Quossuck tagwy mis-pawtuk quot. Yeu ut poto uk pe-noot. Eshq womontam Ahcoon aw. Assookos wutchy togkonk. Po-pogky nukod. Nishteam Indian aw. Poto warn pe-noot Ayn keeshky pawtuk quot. 101 All the boats Wamy mishoon-ash Dash down the falls. Toonick-quog womsy pawtuk quot. Except her Chau bockish No All are killed. Wamy nup poo-og. XXXIII.^ Waterfall Pawtuk (xlii.^) More Ayn Leader Negonshain Near Keeshky Little Fire Pe-noot I Plunge N' Toonickquam Axe Togkonk I Hate N' Mis quantam Council Powow I Follow Nut Assookam Above Tagwy I Die N* Nuppooam Besides Chau bockish I Shout N'Wauwhuttoam ^ Kesuck./ We have given Skeesuck as the word for Eye, It was as often called Kesuck./ My eye Nus kesuck, N' skeesuck My face (the same) The sky kesuck Today yeu ke suckod Heaven Kesuck Our Father who art in Heaven. N* Ooshan Kesuck quot. 102 ^ Spelling Indian. If you suppose those missionaries worked here without a fine salary you are quite astray. No end of money was contributed in England for the work. But the early efforts to print this native lan- guage were a costly failure. Later on, it became evident that there might be better ways. And various ways have been tried, here and there. One ingenious Cherokee drew up a funny ^ alphabet of eighty-five letters for his tribe, yet without any great success. . Separating the sylla- bles by hyphens has been much used in the West, But that system breaks up the beauty of the words, the melody of the phrasing, while this our new trochaic way^ lets in a little air and light to maintain the pleasant breath of life. Spaces are prettier than hyphens, and far more eloquent. Here the words are all spelled to pronounce precisely as they look, according to our own settled habit. When you read you need not fear being laughed at : Your Indianese will be nearer to that the settlers heard here than that heard in the North Country. And the best of the ministers spelled a word three ways on one page. Cannot we go them one better? 103 i XXXIV/^ An Offer of 25?^- Who's that knocking ? Howan cho-cho quattamy ? Don't you know ? I can't see. I 'm your beau. How's your health? 1 'm very well. Come in and sit down. What's your name? — Mary? Mat K' wotteos? Mat appin naumoonat. K'kettoosv In, Neen. Sun Kut ahquompsin ? N' onket te am. Petitteash kah -mattapsh- To Kut asso wetch ? — Mary aw ? I've forgotten my naiT\e. N'wanantam N'wesuonk. All the same^ I love )'ou. Is that so ? Yes, will you be my wife ? Quot onch, K' wommonsh. Yeu ? Nux, K' wekontam N' weewo ? How many have you ? l*o-suog Kut ohtos ? Three wives now. They want another? Nish-w^og yeu yeu. Ouehik-quog onka tuk ? Yes, m}^ farmwork is too hard for three. Nux, Nut anacooonk wussammy siok wutchy nish-wog. 104 XXXIV.« Health Ahquompsin I 'm Able Nut Appin^ Beau Kettoosy In I Know N' Wotteom Farmwork Anacoo onk I Forget* N' Wan antam Hard Si oky I Knock N* Cho-cho quat But yet Quot onch I m Well N' Onketteam ^ Personal Names. Families with property hold to one name for ages. But an Indian who kept to one name through life would be an astonishment. Many would answer to some nickname and have no use for their real names. Nut assam= I do, or I work, also means I am named, called for, wanted. Nut asso wetch=my work-basket, thus comes to mean My name. W' esu onk [==his name] is another form of the word. To avoid a procession of nouns, it turns adjective, thus: Nut assowesy John=My namy (is) John. Mass asso at [Massasoit]==: Arrow- head I 'm called. ^Odd Accents. An occasional word has two accented syllables coming together, as Ausuppay/-nu^og=coons. 105 Generally they are the result of compounding two words. But many compounds change their old accent, till you would not know them. Thus Wunny becomes Wun ne/gin. " Comparing Adjectives. We say Great, greater, the greatest. And we work all our superlatives to the limit, till we are forbidden to be so extravagant in speech. But the Indian speech had not the three comparisons. Only words of Size had the third. Qualily words had no superlative like ''-est." Great missy Greater anuy missy The Greatest ne mosag Good wunny Better ain wun negin au wun negin^ koochy wun negin Best Bad matchy Worse matche teo The worst ne mosag matchig Small pe asick Smaller anuy pe asick The Smallest ne pawa mesick 106 •i Papa! What say ? This man wants XXXV/ ASK PA. N'ooshy! To Kut an onch ? Q^iehik N* towatooonat to marry me. How much will you pay me for my daughter ? Is this your daughter ? Yes. Three [fathoms] of wampum. And three bags of cucumbers besides ? take him! nice girl, my daughter. You speak truly. Let's smoke. Have you pipe and tobacco ? Neither one. yeuo. To shin N' moggim wutchy N* tonness? Yeuo K* tonness ? Nux. Nish-wosh um paugut-ash. Kah nish-wosh pe-tonky moon osky tammock nano.'^ munnish! wu n ny suy keegsqu aw, N* tonness. K* waw-wunnowem. Puck utto. Kut ohtos wuttammy gun kah wut tammy-uog.^ Mattany. 107 xxxv.^ Cucumber Moon osky tammuck Tobacco Wut tammy-uog Let us Utto Pipe Wut tammy gun Bag Pe-tonk I Pay or Give N' Mog Maiden Keegsq I Marry N* Towatooam Neither Mattany I Smoke Puckette'am Wunno wem I Speak truly Nut An onchem I Speak of N' Munnam I Take ^ Gender. So little was sex mentioned in Indian that no such words as He and She existed. While we find in European languages everything — even a stick or a spoon — called He or She, in Indian you could not even distinguish your uncle from your aunt. To the Natives it was as rude to speak of sex in a person as in a cat or a dog. The word Gender seems a wrong one where things lifeless and things alive are being classi- fied, but it is the one generally used. 108 XXXV.^ Words Made to Order. There are not many English words that will change into four parts of speech. Try to find another besides this : — You do me a Wrong noun. You Wrong mtj verb. You are Wrong adjective. You act Wrong adverb. But in Indian they are plenty, — all lightning- change artists, and the ease with which they do their change makes that language useful and broad. Unlike this word Wrong, their words change endings, as do most of ours, to be noun, verb, etc., thus : — Sin Match ese onk I Sin N' Match esem Sinful Match esy ayey Sinfully Match esy ayey If a speaker found no readymade word to fit his thought, easily he tailormade one. In one of the four piles he found a word he could refit, and so had an extensive and varied assortment from which to make his selection. XXXVI / HER Is she not a pretty girl ? Pretty, but useless. Is that your opinion ? Yes, but don't tell. She eats and rests. Some good friend does all her work. The sunrise is red on the lake this morning, But she sleeps long. She likes to pick berries, — Not into a birch dish She picks into her throat. SISTER'S OPINION. Sun No matta, wunny suy squassess ? Wunny su, mat mattissu. K' teantaniooonk quas ? Nux, quot aquy K' tone. Meechin kah tontapum. No wutchy wunnot omp ussam wamy Wut anak au suonk. Pozpish ayonk mishqueey wuskeechy pog yeu nompy, Quot W coweem quonny quomp. Wekontam muckunat minny-ash, — ; Mat en chickopy wasket; No muckunam en quottuk. 110 I Bring her W* pottos po chattucky a berry-branch : minny-ash : As soon as she wakes Nah tokeam She will work hard. Pish W menne ky anakausam. XXXVI.^ Opinion Te antam oo onk A Do-naught Mattis soo Throat Quottuk Morning Nompy I Pluck N'Muckunam Girl Squas sess I Rest N* Tonta pum Sunrise Pozpish ayonk I Wake N' Tokeem Sun Ne Pozh I Blab N'Tone [mouth] Birch tree Chickopy misk Don't Aquy Branch Pochattuck Hard Menne ky Lake Pog Strong " ^ Reading. The Red men used paints and dyes. Also they could draw with a pointed instrument. So by means of a drawing they could send a mes- sage. Thus they had names for the whole outfit, 111 after this fashion :• Wussuck Drawing Pe-wussuck Writing Wussuck quam I Paint Wussuck quoham I Write Wussuck quonk A Book ^ Its Deficient Side. Naturally enough, the Red men talked more about fighting than forgiving, — -more about their stomachs than their souls. And their speech was better equipped with war-words than with soul-words. For their manner of life they had all the words required. But when a preacher began to talk to them of the Higher Life, all the expression he could find was Wunny. (xui.)*^ Still, their plastic vocables were so practicable as to fit all topics and all aspirations, — more chivalrous and magnanimous, indeed, than they ever cared much about. So he wunnied them thorough!}^ whenever they would hold still. 112 die! He kissed my cousin ! I *11 pursue him ! He cannot escape ! My warknife is sharp. XXXVII/ R- REVENGE I That scoundrel must Mattissoo mos pish nuppoouk ! Chip wuttap N' tonks uh ! Pish Wut atchanish ! Mat appin am poquohamunat ! Keeny Nut aiyesonk. I whetted it four days. N' kecodtap yau-onash ke suckod-anash. Nut anumm-og mishquy-og. Pish sogky poo-og W* uscan-ash. N* chicheg cattup. Quehick W tippy-ash. No pucky scattis quehick sonky tog. I will give his feathers Pish Nut innun am W peon-ogash 113 My dogs are fierce. • They shall gnaw his bones. My hatchet is hungry. It wants his brains. The fellow needs a haircut. To my baby. I bury these cowards. But his legs shall stick out. My dogs want his legs. Ut Neen muckoyess aw. N' pooskin yeu-og wapsu ong-anash. Quot pish W kont-ash aut notin-ash. Nut anumm-og quehick-quog W* kont-ash. XXXVI I. « Bloodthirsty Mishquy I Kiss N' Chip wuttam I Appear N' Notinam I Bury N' Pooskinnam I Sharpen N' Kecodtam I Chase Nut Atchanam Feathers Peon-ogash I Escape N*Poquoham Up Aut I Gnaw N* Sogky pooam Coward Wapsuonk I Give Nut In nunam Cousin Tonks Warknife Aiyesonk Bone Uscan Leg Kont ^ Star=Anogquos. Many a language has a fine word for Star. Here we have a remarkable one. Anogquos,-^ called for short Nox, — means, first, an Appear- 114 X ance, something that appears to you, like a bogy- man, who has body=og; secondly, the way a 1 1 Nogs, Nox Star, Appearance, Bowels Anogquyonk Paint ft. An ogquos Clothed, Cloudy, \ (( Storm threatening^ (4 A Star, An Appearance Tin ogquos A Frog, or a Disappearance Wun ogquos Handsome [they meant fat] Mishan og A great Star, A large Person Mish annog A Squirrel - ^ Pronouncing Indian. This Indian alphabet is in effect like our own. The sounds of the letters are the same as we are accustomed to give them. We mention a few limitations : — > G is always hard, as in Get, not Jet. S is always soft, as in This, not as in These. K has a little peculiarity, as noted : xx.^ Do not combine the vowels ; sound each separately. Try this on : A i )' e u onk [=war] . But note these few exceptions : — i^ Double e, and double o, as in Peekaboo. 115 2 Silent e, as on Tone (=mouth) often serves to lengthen the real vowel, o, — else we should have Ton. 3 The sound of au, or aw, is as in Paw, — two vowels but only one tone. XXXVII. ■ Words of Quantity. Another Peno All Wamy Wauma tos Almost all Wa missy Omog wamy Nahen Unny, Un Nan eeswy Aquy, Tauba, Wo nap Nishno Everything Nishno te ag Every one Nishno pasuk Any Both Enough Every How many To suog To su-nash To unny How much To shin To shack A Little Many 116 Peewy Mona-og Mona-tash More Nano, Wonk Anuy, Koochy Wonkattuk Annooquy Anuy Nan penny Moo cheeky Matta Nobody Ma, Man* Not enough Noona So much Toshy Some Na wutchy Nanwy Too many, too much Wussammy Too, also Nano Most Mostly Much None XXXVIII.^ AFTER THE SCRAP. The two young men Nag nees-wog wusky were bound. Chik to togcup-og. They were Red men, Mishquee tu Chik yeuo, and had bloody kah ahto-og noses. mishquee-shy chon-ganash. Some one asked Howan natootap Mrs. Sachem, Sonks aw, Where's the Sachem ? Tokin Sachem ? He has just come. Maish appeyu. We've caught these N' nemscam-amun-nonup two scrappers. yeu-og nees-wog ataconk-quaog. They are fighters. Commy cotch-ayog. Quarrelers. Mishky sawwaw-wog. Why did (should) you To waj ata quom ean pound his nose? W' chon.^ He kissed my cousin. Chip wuttap N' tonks oh. You should pound his Kut ataquomean W'tone mouth and not his nose. kah mat W' chon. He pounded my nose. Neen N'chon ataquopch. Let this man Sasso mitto ish yeuo, 117 be beaten, And the other shall only be scolded. Onkatog quogquotish webeuy. Blood-letter Sachem's Wife Sonks Fighter Commy cotch. Hitter Ata conk Mouth Tone Nose Chon N' Quogquotoam People Chick Those people Nag XXXVIII.^ Mishky sawwaw They had Wut Ahto-og I Bind NTotog cuppin I Hit Nut Ata'quom I Catch N' Nemscam I Flog N'Sassomitteam I Scold, threaten Only Weby Just now Maish ^ Piecing. Against Codnushaw Above Kesuckquy About Waeny Waweny Across Acaw Alone Weby, Wucksy, Nomsy Among some -uttu, -ettu 118 In Ut, En, Ent Inside Unnomy In there Nawut Little way Wonnukquessy Near Cootny Cusky Among those -kontu Around Metuck At Ut, En, In, -quin, -quot Away Yeu wutch Before Negon ummy Quoshawy Behind Wuttat, Wuttomy Below Ao^a vu Beneath Nana shawy Beside Cootny, Keesky Chon chippy Between Na ishawy Beyond Ut un nukquy Ut on cooy At the Bottom Naumat uk By Nashpy Downwards Womsy Oky asy Everywhere Nishon ut At the End Won nashquy Far No adtit, Naw ut From Na wutch, Umwok From here Wutchy yeu ut Here Yeu ut How far To nuk aquy Utta unnuk uquot 119 Out Na wutch Out of *' Outside Wuskeechy Over Ke suckquy On this Side En ne nukquy On that Side Og commy On that End Uk quayey That way Wut toshy mayu There Naut, Necus/ This Way Yeu Nukquy Through Nashpy uy To Ut, En, In Together Mogwy Mo yeu Under Ukquy Oky uy Upon Wuskeechy Upward Ke suckquy Aut, Tag Where To nuk/ Ton no, ^ Teha XXXIX.^ YOU ASCERTAIN. Sometimes you ask Moman ish K' na tootam as sookquonk : — Sun K' nunnaw Nut anumm aw? To Kut anonch ? a simpleton :■ Have you seen my dog ? What say ? Don't you understand ? Mat K' wott oo os ? Your dog? Where is he ? Tell! I don't know. Have you seen him ? Hey? You ve forgotten ? Can't tell. Speak true ! What of? Kut anumm? To kin ? Tonnish! Mat N' ooo wayt. Sun W' nunny? Tohh? K' won ontas ? Tatta. Wunnum wash ! To waj ? , You know where he is ! K' wottam to auteg ! What are you looking Te agwas natin? for? My dog: Nut anumm : 120 have you got him ? Oom Wechonish ? The dog ? he 's gone. Anumm ? moncheyey. Don't be foolish ! Aquy as sooklsh ! where ? tonno ? Up a tree. Aut mettuk. XXXIX.^ A Fool [one who is behind] As sookquonk Out Oot I Go too N' Wechan What thing Teagquas I Ask N' Natootam Where up To auteg I Tell Nut On nam Can't tell Tatta " Nut Anonchem He, Him Oom Onkatog== another, is sometimes Onkattuk and Wonka tog, having the odd animate plural of Wonka tog- ic. ^Slipshod Speech. Indian could be spoken just as shabbily as English by ignorant or coarse people. There was slack speech, and there was slangy speech. In the foregoing conversation, anawm was short for anonchem. Nutunantam (=1 think) was 121 commonly pronounced tin annum. N' quehick was short for N' que nawy hick (^I want), cattup for codtup (=hungry). Assookquonk [sook=tail] for Fool was cer- tainly slangy. On the other hand, no classic language could surpass the Mohekan in dignity and grandeur. ^ Pawtucket. The meaning of this word has been much discussed. That it meant a Waterfall seemed probable, — the great waterfalls of Rhode Island and Lowell are so named. Paw-tuk-et=pond-fall-at ? Hardly. Nan-tuk-et is a level island. The Mystic river at Boston has no symptom of a Great Fall ( — mis tuk) in its quiet course. Still, there certainly was a fall at most of the Tuks. Many meanings for Pawtuk have been suggested. Here is a probable one : Paw-t-uk-ut =pond [t-separative]out-at, — or Paw-tuk-ut ^= pond-outlet-at, — allowing tuk to be a word. Yet as only a piece of a word, it may have various meanings. 122 XL.^ NEXT GENTLEMAN! Down jumped Womsu quoshup pussoo the wildcat On the pigs back. Wuskeechy pigsuy pusq. The pig was no coward. Mat soquom poo o pig oh. He bit the cat's foot. Sogky pooap pussooy. He pulled down Penoconap matwa oh. the enemy. They fought a fine Mecute-amun wunny fight. matwa onk. By-and-by the pig Paswessy pig ate up the wildcat, mochup pussoo oh, And picked his teeth with her toes. Kah nittequop W'pitte-ash newutch W* kitchong-anash. Then he spoke loud : Ne ut mishon tooap : Next gentleman ! Neanuk wun wetu In ! Next came Ne anuk peyap seesick. a rattlesnake. 123 The pig ate up Pig mochuppy seasick the snake very fast. ti adchy. Then he spoke loud : Any more behind ? But when he heard wolves He sneaked home. Ne ut mishon tooap : Wonka tog-ic wuttat ? Quot to neit in nootap na tookquos-suog Pum mootap W* eek it. XL.« N* Penoconam I Pull down Teeth Wepit-teash I Bite N'Sogkypooam Claws Kitchong-anash I Shout Mishon tooam Foot Seet "More of it Wonka tog A Fight Matwa onk Next Ne anuk Rattlesnake Seesick Behind Wuttat/ Gentleman Wun wetu Enin (nice-house man) 124 ^Why Learn Indian? But after all, who cares about this old forgotten Savage Lingo? Of what use can it be? There is no one living to talk with, not a soul. There is no literature to give us glimpses of the old natural way of life. Yet more and more we love our dear departed Red Men. They never had so many admirers and followers as now. And their lovers in 1900 were but the beginning. Think of the countless enthusiasms yet unborn ! King Philip was called all sorts of a *' filthy heathen " in his day by the WMte people, who sold his little boy to die in tropical slavery. Now he is the hero of our orators and poets. Now we ardently style his race *' The only picturesque savages on earth ! " It is high time his language were rescued from oblivion, — enough of it, at least, so we may rightly understand some of the thousand poetic place-names they left us. The present pleader has known and loved many Indians. They were kind, responsive, intelligent ; and his sympathies they deeply en- listed in favor of our early tribes. 125 XLI. AHCOOJ^YOJ^G-ASH. AMY kacod at Wap antam as sonat: Monchem unat Kah assonat, — Oky ty unat, Kah anaskonat Assa tog conat, Na wutchy micho cat Nopajjy cuppocat; Wamy kacod at Wap antam assonat. Ehoh I K' wan antam ! — K' kepennomooonami ^Verses from Eliot's Bible, uehesis. xli i. ikoo (lay wltli oi VHITE^WAYS. L the year through There 's hustling to do : It 's going or doing, — Tt 's sowing or strewing, — It 's hoeing or hewing, — From growing till snowing; All the year through There's hustling to do. Oh, you forget ! Mowing. Ituli wiilIlnnoiiinnBtcheKH.nuciut his Boni (three Lines are skipped,) ohlkkoiae mogwonh; wiitolie BS foi' a bariit-offering : lora sweet WKGtymungi]utCy unwogLno'onk BBvonr before llie Lnn): It la an anaquntilt Jehovah ; ne nootiie offterliie maile by fire untn tlie Lortl. niagwoiik ei. JuhovahW. 127 Snow Son Odor Gift XLI.« N' Wapantam I Hurry (as the wind) I Mow N* Ke pennom I Sow Nut Okeete am I Hew N* Togcom I Explain N*Noowaytam Cuppock Naumon Munquot Magquonk Incense Un wosin oo^onk Micho cat Opening Weather Ser\^ant Innum, Inneum Serving Wut tin nom ' uy These Nash Youngest Muttasons See Cussy Front of Anaquab Oh, Ah Oh dear Pshaw Desire See Cussy Surprise Hah, Ehoh Good Wun negin, Welcome ^ Interjections. Ooy, We somka Wooy, Quah, Un quanam ukquot Chah, Quah, K' Oncha keno Toh, Ooy, Na pennont Maybe Toh, Poquotchy Don't Aquy, Wunnahunnv, Wekkotea K' Wunny peyam 128 XLII/ CANNIBALS ALL. Their father goes to war. He is killed with a club. He falls in the river. Then the family Had not enough food< But since the boy Catches many large fishes, They now eat good suppers. Till the girl finds her father s ring in a fish. They look in each others* eyes, And they eat no W*ogh-anoo wom ut ai yeu ette onkquot. Nishteyu wutchy shack. Pe nishom sippu in. Neut ashy uonk Ohtom-og noona metsuonk. Qiiot nettatoy noncomp Too quinnam mona-og mishy na mass-suog, Meechim-og yeu ut wun waye met-sunash. No pajjy nunkshq annam Woghy petukquonk en namass in. Cunny-og ittemun en skeesuck-quash, Mot meechim oo-og 129 more fat fishes. Give this fish to the pig J Afterwards must we eat the pig ? wun ogques-suog na mass-suog. In nunash na mass ut pig kaw! Nettatoy sun pish nont N' meechim-amun pig kaw ? XLII.« Ring Pe tuckquonk Family Ashy uonk Each other Ittemun Not enough Noona After all that Netta toy I Find Nut An namit I Quit Mot I Look N* Cunneam Until No pajjy ^ Words We Have Borrowed. A pleasant evening amusement is to mention as many Indian words which the Whites have adopted as possible, such as canoe, moose, buf- 130 falo, pappoose. You sliould find fifty, without counting place-names. Early settlers employed native "help." And many a striking word or expression came to stay. In our large English dictionaries most words are traced back into former languages ; but a really important source, — the Indian dialects, — has been overlooked, from the lack of reliable means of information. In view of the very liberal engagement of capital and scholarship at present in the dictionary business, it is unlikely that this ignorance will long continue. Here are a few words which early catch the eye of the present student. Some of them are only similars and some are genuine Indian: — OURS THEIRS MEANING Poor puss Poo puss Wildcat Puppy Puppe nashim Little animal Squash Osko-ash Vegetables Keen Keeny Sharp, knife or man Patty-cake Puttukquaey Round cake Main street Maynsheck Main trail Dark as a pocket Cold, dark night Tahketty pok et And of course many rude words. . 131 XLII.'^ The Wunnies. One of tlie early preachers to the Indians tried to give the meaning of Wunny. It had so many meanings that he was baffled, but finally called it "Approved." It stands for all varieties of (goodnesses and happinesses, besides truth and beauty and value. They worked it hard, and helped out many other words with it. Only a few wunnies are here given. The W was sometimes lost off, leaving oony. VALUE= WUNNE TUONK. Cjood boy Wunny tu noncomp Good boys Wunny tu-og noncomp-aog Good arrow Wunny cauquot Good arrows Wunny-gunash cauquot- ash Good health Wun ahquompsin (shortened before a vowel) GOODNESS =^WUN NEGUK. Virtuous, agreeable, all right Wun ne'gin Kindly Wunne nea huy HAPPINESS= WUNNE UONK Happy, Good-by Wunne^gin Goodby Wunny ish Happily Wunny uy 132 TRUTH=WUNNUM WAYONK. A true story Wunnet onkquot I speak truly Wun nowem That's the truth Wunnonuquot Tell the truth Wunnumwash BEAUTY=WUN NONONK. A Fine Residence Wun wetu A Gentleman Wun wetu Enin A Dude Wunseet (pretty feet.) Elegantly Wunnum onk quaty Pretty Wunnysu Finer Wun neg/uk Better Coochy win net Nice Weather Wun noquot Nice Evening Wun naquit Strange! Wunno! Peace Wun ette onk As the word His is often Wun, it may readily be mistaken for one of the above. Wunny was often called Winne, and may be seen in that form all over the map. Also it was sometimes called Wunye. 133 XLIII/ ARROWHEADS. Your arrowheads are K' mass-oash wonderful. I go far for the stone. I must have flint or jasper. Then it will be sharp. But how do you cut it ? You will laugh! With your teeth ? No, with ice. I make it in winter-time. I put the stone in the fire. Then it breaks easily. moochan tamwy-ash. Nut isham naw ut wutchy quossuck. Mos Nut ohtom ompsk assa wesaw quos. Neut nont pish keeny. Quot utta K'pookukkos ? Pish Kuthahanam! Wutchy K' weepit-teash ? Matta, wutchy cuppack. Nut ayam en popon ayey ah quompag. Poonash quossuck nootin. Neut pookcunnam nickummy. I pound it in pieces. Nut atacom chap pong-ash. When a piece is Nah chapponk moocheck 134 very hot, cos pitta, I touch it with N' mis sinnam wutchy an icicle. cuppa shack. Littles will fly off. Pe a-wog pish ptow-og. It looks like smallpox. Ne tattup sawwushaonk. Then I sharpen it. Ne ut N' keenetteam. XLIII.^ Jasper Wesaw quos I Cut N' Pook ukkam Icicle Cuppa shack I Sharpen N'Keenetteam Flint Ompsk I Touch N' Mis sinnam Winter Popon I Fly N* Ptowam Fragments Pe-a^wog I Break N' Poochuckam Piece Chapponk *' N* Cotcheck issam Smallpox Saw wushaonk Wonderful Moochan tamwy Resembling Tattup ^ Colors. Yellow Wesawy Blue Peshy Red Mishqueey White Wompy Black Mooy Grey Pequa Green Askasky 135 ^The Weather. Weather-words end with quot, — Nice weather =Wek koquot. Quot is At, and while you say, ''It's nice out," they say, **It's nice at." It is the noun-form of the adjective-ending -quos or -OS, as here shown: — Quinno quos high Wunnoquos pleasant quossu tall quossy pleasantly quot height quot good weather Quot has many meanings besides the Storm and Shine, the Heat and Cold. It tells of Light and Darkness, of Taste and Smell, of the Time of Day, and so on. Wun noquit Pleasant evening Okquitteonk New moon Wekquit Moonlight Wek koquot Nice weather Wek koquoy Bright Wekka ne anquot Rather nice Wun noquot Good weather A wep, Awepoy Still Awep poquot A Calm Tokoy, Tahky Cold -. Tahquot Frosty weather •"'^ — ^ 136 „ >» • M.\^\r \ Topu/ Frost Sonkquissam I am Cold Quos quatcham in " " Sonquy Cold Matta quot Cloud, Dark day Matta quossy Cloudy Mat tahquoy Forenoon Moquot An Odor Puckquot The Taste Cuppat Ice Coon, Se cheppoo Snow Cup paquot Snowstorm Okquot Cold storm Nashquit Dirty weather Nogquos Rainy Momat toquot Weeping weather Sook annon Pouring Nip annon Raining Ne nappy Dry time Ne impa Thunder Ukket sha'mun Lightning Mis segcoon (big snow) Hail Ne chippack Dew 137 XLIV.^ THE LORD^S PRAYER. N'oosh-un (N'ogh-amun) Kesuck^quot, Father our the Sky at, Quotty an attam unatch K' wesu onk. Let holy be Thy name. Peyau moo utch K' Ket assootum oo onk. Arrived be Thy great tribe (of followers) . Kut in antam oo onk ne ennaj Oke it, Thy will (be) thus enacted at Earth-at, Nean Ke suck / quot. The same as Sky - at. N' metsuong-ash aseke sucko ish Our food - s daily Assa ma innean yeuyeu ke suckod. [Supply=]Do to us this day. Kah ahquantamayey innean N'matcheseong-ash And forgive Thou in us our bad doing-s Ne any matchy nehickquy geeg Just as the bad to us of others Nut ah quontam aw-anon-og. We forgive them. 138 / Ahquy sag compag unna innean Don*t leave us En hu wayonganit, In a wrong way at, Quot poquo ussinan wutch matchit ut. But escape make from badness at. Ne wutch Kut ohtoun ket as sootamoaonk, Because Thou hast the great tribe [of followers], Kah menne ky suonk, kah sosum oo onk, And the strength, cind the splendor, Mich emy, Amen . Matt, VI. 9. Always, Amen. The translated Lord's Prayer was written and rewritten many times by those who knew one of the tribal dialects, yet in no case is there any important variation from the wording here given, which is taken from the later edition of the Eliot Bible, but with the spelling simplified. It may therefore be accepted as an example of pure Mohegan. And the paralleling beneath it is also carefully added, so as to show the true value of the Indian words. 139 XLIV.^ The Nine Winds. Both wind and air had the same names. There were gods called In, — W op Un, [=Waban] or Wut In. Nine names are given us of these deities. In our minds North and South are exact points, and we speak of the winds with equal precision. Their wind-names refer also to its feeling, as well as its direction. And the attempt to match theirs and ours is rather unfair. W SVV S S s SE E Paponit In Sowan nish In (< Sowan ny uy In To wut In Nannockquot In Nopat In E&NE W cHepwushy In N Sunnad In NW Nannumeyu In NW Checkvsu In Winter wind Make-you-tired wind a i ( Hot and lazy wind High sun wind Moon wind Wind that brings Breaking wind Grasping wind Autumn wind Cutting wind There was another wind, not headed for any- where in particular, called Great doings,= Mishy tashy In. 140 XLV> WEAPONS. My arm is very lame. I used your knife yesterday. You ruined it: What did you cut? A cucumber. Will you give it back to me? Yes, it won't cut. Here is another. I do not want a dagger. Here are two swords. I want a jackknife. I must whittle a trap. N* meppit moo chimwy. Nut auwote ap K' wiaseck wunnoncoo. K' pagwonnunap: Teag K' tog? Moon osket ammuck. Wonk K' niesim ? Nux, mat tog. Yeu ut onka tog. Matta N* quenowehick oo moco tog. Yeuyeu neeso-ash chauquog-anash. N* que nowe hick punnet onk. Mos pish punettam pun now. 141 XLV.« Yesterday Wunnon coo Again Wonk Arm Meppit I Return it N* Mesim Knife Punnet onk I Whittle N' Pun ettam Punnow Trap I Ruin N' Pagwon nunam Lame Moochimwy I Use Nut Au woteam XLV.^ Stone Cutlery. For years untold that whole Race made and used stone cutlery; and no mean substitute for ordinary steel was it either. Frequently it was of exquisite finish, and keen as a rasor. There were knives and chisels ; there were heads for hatchets, axes, spears, and arrows. But the knives and arrows were often especially fine. They \yere of flints, jet black to pure white ; agates of all colors ; quartz in black, rose, smoky, milky, and opalescent ; of white chalcedony, and of all the jaspers. Then there were chisels of a certain bone having one very tough end. Two fishbones would tie into a fair fishhook, and the fishes were given fish diet, and a chance to learn whether they truly loved one another. 142 XLV,^ Ettee. Ti is to cut, and Utti is to make. Many long words contain this Etty in some form. Either syllable takes the accent. Here are given a few illustrations: — OURS THEIRS THE MEANING I Make Uttiyam, Nut Ayam I Carpenter Home Uttiyuonk A Building Paddle Uttihonk A Production Garden Ah teock Land fixed I Build Wekitte^am A House, I make I Curse Mattan it team Kvil, I put I Endure Men et team • Strong, I keep I Fasten Mennek et team Strongr, I fix it I Find Nami etteam A Discovery, I make I Forbid Oil it itteam An End, I put I Sow Oky utteam Land, I fix I Step Ontan et team A Move, I get " No Letter L. These Shore Tribes had large tongues, and changed L to N. So, on the southern side of the Mcrrimac, that river was called M'anumm-og and on the north, M'arumm-uk. 143 XLVI/ THE RICH MADE POOR. Before the English came We were very rich. We had forests, Quash owy pe yoogy Chauquog N' moochek wunny com-amun-on-up. Nut ah too-mun min tuckquin-ash, And we had gardens. Kah ah too-mun unoky te ayong-ash. Ma mat namquot codtup. No one was ever hungry. Yes, we had real money, too. We sold skins to the ships. We bought many things. Nux, Kut ahtoo-mun te ago-ash, nano. N' magcoo-amun oscon-ash ut kettoonuk-ash. Nut affuap-amun mona-tash teag-onash. We had anything Nut ahtoo-mun nanwy wo we could desire. N'quehick quon-an-toh. Now we are very Eyeu N* moochecky matcheck 144 poor and hungry. kah codtup-amoo. When Eliot comes Tenuk Eniot peyam ut to preach, keckootamonat, We give him Wut in nunam-amun nothing. con teag Nag. He brings his food Ompattam W' metsuonk In a dinnerpail. En nemauan innuet. XLVI, XLVII.« Lunch-bag Ne mauan in nuet Garden Un oky te ayonk Skins, Furs Oscon-ash I Sold, Gave Magcoo Poor Matcheck I Preach Keckootam Rich Wunny com I Make Speech '' Any Nanwy I Buy NutAfifuam Egg Wowwam I Say N' Nopwam I Get N* Socussam ^ Words for Relative Time. After Wuttat, Naho tuy Always Nagwutty ayey Again Onk, Wonk Michemy Wonkanet As long as To sacky 145 Before Negon ummy uy Early Nompo ayey Fast Ken uppy Formerly Cheno commy Hereafter No adtuk Pishompetuk Mosena Pog odchy How long Tashuk quonny How often Noto-tashy Last Mo matchish uy Late Tatsha Lately Passu, Paswy Gumma. Natea Madshyuy, Cuttumma Just now Maish, Ket turn Kettum mayey Long time Quonny quomp No adtuk Ogussy, Moce Never As nuquot Mat namquot Next Ne anuk Not yet Asquam Now Yeuyeu, Eyeu Often Moochecky nompy 146 Seldom Cheeky uy Short time Tiaquy ahquompy Since Netta tuy Slow Ussaquos Ma ninny Sometimes Nemeca Ne any uy Moman ish Ne nookquy So often Ne tahshy Toshet/ Soon Tenuk/ Ti okquy Pas wessy Cau kinny Ket tumma Om petuk, Te anuk Ompe checkquin ogkuk Then Neit, Neut Until Nappaj When Ahquompack Utto hunnoo, Nah Chenock wonk While To sacky XLVII/^ FEEDING MY BLUEBIRDS. Are you eager for supper ? We Ve glad to eat. Be wise, Don't eat too much. Wisdom says, Eat enough. Help yourselves. Through life Every one desires more and more. Those ahead get about all. Those behind get - very little. Do any folks want another egg ? Sun wap antam wutchy K' uppuonk? N'weckontam meeche onat. Wa antamish, Aquy meech vvus sammy. Wa antam oo onk noowam, Meechimish tauba. ' In nunish K'hog-a-wo-wog. Nashpy pom antam oo onk Nishno pasuk codtantam nano. Ne gonsha Chic socus-oo og omog wamy. Naho tu-og socus-oo og pesessu. Nanwy quehick peno wowwam? XLVII.^ -Antam. There are constant uses for -Antam. It forms part of many words, and the English Think 147 is as near to it as any word we have. It works in noun, verb, and adjective, but not alone. It accents one syllable or the other, according to the syllables added. In XXXV. '^ their scarcity of mental words was mentioned, as one reason for the existence of man)^ of the built-up words. And you will presently tliink that Wunny and Etty and Antam were their favorite weapons. This antam frequently becomes ontam; and in careless conversation the t drops out,=unnam. This particle sometimes means more than Think or Feel, but not often. A few are here given: VERBS CONNECTED WORDS Chan antam I doubt (^han antam oey doubtful Cod tantam 1 desire Cod tantam oo onk appetite In antam think, believe E antam ooonk opinion Jish antam I despise Jish antam oo onk disgust Meek quantam remember iM — ooonk memory Mosquantam I'm angry Squantum god of hate Pe antam I pray Pe antam oo onk prayer Pom antam 1 live, dwell Pom antam oo onk life Wa antam I'm wise Wa antam uy wisely Wap antam eager Wap antam miy eagerly Week ontam willing VVeckon tamwy wilhngly 148 XLVIII/ A TRIP UP COUNTRY. The Salmon is our Mishquee mauquock Nut good friend. omp-amun aw wunnytu. In the Spring Ut Sequon ayey quomp We are hungry. N' Cod'tup-amun. We lack food. Mat Nut ohtoo metsuonk. Far up the rivers No adtuk sippu-ash then he comes. neut peyam. He jumps the Qui-quishom ane u chuy overflowing floods, tomogcon-ash. When he sees a house Nah naum wetu He comes, Peyam, And courteously waits. Kah womosuy patsooam. He brings his nice meat. Patton No wunny weyus. It is pretty Ne mosunnoquoy and sweet. kah weckonny. He swims into Pummosoowim en my little brook. N' sippu emmess. My girlie brings him N' tonness pattonam Home in her arms. Wetuomut en meppit-enash. 149 XLVIII.^ Salmon Mishquee mauquock Waterfall Ane u chuy torn ogcon Pretty Mo su n no quoy Into the House Wetu omut From far No adtuk I Swim N' Punimo soowim Politely Womo suy I Wait N' Pat sooam XLVIII.^ The Burlesque. Do you know that it is only of late years that people laugh much ? that this life is latterly taking on a new color ? Whether for long or a passing fad we know not, but the whole world is getting gay, even frivolous. We have all quitted scolding and preaching, and taken to joking. Every moment now the search is for something absurd to chuckle over. And we overlook the foolishness of a thing if we can only find some funny side to it. Do not forget for a moment that this study of ours has proved unavailable in the old way, as stated at xix.^ The person has not lived at any time within two centuries who could take up the Eliot Bible and read you a chapter. While with 150 the help of the present Method there will be plenty of people who can do it. Remember Peter s Big Bag of Beasts (Acts, x. 12), and call nothing common or silly which does its work. ^ Using K for C. The old PlacerNames of New England do not favor Eliot's spelling. He put K for C through- out his Indian church-books. But the Settlers did not spell that way, and they were a highly educated people. So the Indian names of our beautiful hills and rivers, and romantic railroad stations are not printed in the Eliot Idiom. In the Settlers* orthography we were brought up, and it is therefore here used. But recently there has come an innovation in favor of K, substituted for the sake of quaintness, appearing in various newly introduced Indian names. Oklahoma is an instance. There is, of course, no way to prevent the christening of a Konnektikut Hotel or of a Merrimak steamship; but this little book will fiercely fight and forbid the foreign K. 151 XLIX.^ THE POWOW. The Chief lighted Sachem pot towap a pipe. Its bowl was of carved work. Its stem bore many plumes. He commenced smoking. When he had wattamy gun. Wetch ma mausuck quong any. Tash unnam mona-tash pe ong-ash aw poca met. Kitchy ussap puk et team unat. Nah nashop breathed the fragrance, weety munquot yeuo, He passed the instrument To the next brave. Amid complete silence It went three times Quon nunap aw ohte ayonk Ut neanuk ayetoteet. Ne wutch ket-checkquon omuk Nishwut ne pomu ettap Around the assembly. Moyongan ettu. Then the stranger Neut in nowap said : howan agus : I am of Neen nont wecha wutch the Massachusett Tribe, Mass autchu-seog, 152 Of the Nation of Wutchy Mis-Enin-uog The Mohegans. Muh hekannyeyu. My race is the Grandfather of Nations. N' keechyooa no Ket-Toochy kinny asin Mi- Mis-Enin-uog oey. XLIX.« Carving Mau suckquonk Stem, Qiiill Pocamet Feather Peonk Assembly Moyonk Ceremony Powow I Do a start N'Kitchy ussam Mass-achu-setts= Arrowhead Hill-at Mass Aut-Chu ----- Set A point Up-spy, or Up-get, At Autchu= mountain, and Autchun^= hunt. ^'A Hard Task? Those early tribes never outlived seeing it in print, for it was made fourfold harder than was necessary. They just toc^k one look and died. Then all these centuries no one learned it. But now it looks tempting. On every side you see the nice old names: street and store, ship and shore, — they bear the Aboriginyms. 153 60. MEM'J^ Ue^PO WH UJ^'J SH. O-MONA-TASH Cod tummo-ash Sontim che nocom ayey, Kah unnuky Mis sissi peh Monchap utto wishaey. 2 An nami ap Kah yeu noncap Wetu Poponitayey; Neut cowap No adtu ap Magquonk wunnehuayey. 3 No innunap Nees-wog mishwog Psauk uk-waog womp ayey; W tashaup ut Aiyeuonkquot Nepozh oowayonkayey. 154 OJl MIGHTY (PEJ^S. >^^^ WAS many, many years ago f -jI^ a Chief went far away, Beyond the long Great River's flow That comes from Ending Day. He found the house of Westwind fair, Wherein he supped and slept; At daylight Westwind gave him there A gift which long he kept: — . 3 A pair of mighty eagles white Bore him with wings unfurled To the Sungod's glory-bed so bright, A gold and crimson world. 155 4 Wamy wesawy Kah mish queey, Woppan kah kesuck num-wog Wutch vvunno-tash Peonog-ash ; Mon' psooksy kettook-umwog. 5 Tenuk nees-wog Psaukuk-waog Wetu omut tasha up ah-og. Kah Nag to sacky Oo nitu nappy W cod wetomaupah-og. 6 Nishonut W Tokeem-aup ah ; Quot, wooy! nequot ke suckquot, Sent matchetiiap, Kah nagun ptowap To wis haey ut Papon aonkquot. 156 The sky was full of plumage fair, And many birds sang gay, While sweetest fragrance filled the air Throughout the livelong day. Soon he, with his great guides so rare, To his own land returned. Longtime they tarried with him there, For they his worth had learned. Where'er he bade They bore him glad ; But ah I one fateful day Was their old Chief at heart so bad, His eagle-friends departed sad, — Far west they fled away. 157 Sunset Oowayonk Gift Magquonk I Sup N' Wunnonkuppooam Eagle Psaukuk I Receive Nut Adtumanam Far Wishaey I Carry N' Tashunnam Soon Te nuk I Live, x\bide N' Tokeem Beyond Un nuky Precious Wun nehu aey Everywhere Nishon ut Formerly Che nocom L.^ The American Tongues. The United States Census Reports of the early ''Nineteens" mention some sixty tribes, number- ing 350.000 Indians. But so interblended are the tribes with each other and with the Whites that there is no way to divide or count them. Lists by the Bible and Tract Societies designate seme sixty languages and dialects: — Iroquois family of sixteen branches. Sioux twelve Pawnee six Floridan seven Algonquin rweaty-fiv^ isai The Algonquin family includes the Eastern Indians. Some of the branches were — Showanese of Virginia, Chippeways of the Lakes, Ottavvas of Canada, • Mohawks of New York, Delawares of Penn., Mohegans of New Eng. The Delawares considered themselves of the Mohegans. But the above-named branches could not generally understand each other, although their languages were really much alike. All the New-England tribes had their peculiarities of speech, but could passably converse together. The New-England tribes were as follows: — MUH HEKAN Nipmuck Connecticut Wampanoag Narragansetts Massachusetts Pawtuckets Kennebecs Taratines -EOK=THE HATCHET TRIBES. Pond Cluster Nipmuck High Falls Quinny tukquot Easterns Wom py-noo og Dug up Hatchets Na ahekan set Arrowhead Hill Mass autchu set Waterfalls Paw tukquot Deep Water Quinny Bee [Connected with Canada tribes] 150 L.'^ Thk Warwhoop. The warwhoop as recorded below must not be regarded as fixed and invariable throughout the land. It varied in pitch with the individual, and in tune with the tribe. The writer has heard the whoops of many tribes, and considers the samples to be fair illustrations. Waoh, wa oh, Woach, woach, wa oh, wa oh. ha ha, woach. The scalp-yell was as follows, with a rapid pat on the mouth: o o §i i Aw - oh, -h Aw - oh. i INDIAN VOCABULARY See word'^ lists on special subjects in this book- Most verbs end in m. A A checke com I camp ad chuam pay, buy ad chumin receive affu/ bought affuppy trembling ag kin nam imprison ' agquy under aha nettam laugh Ahcoon Wh ite man, coat ahchy quite ah penny heon snare ahpet into ahpe tana trap ahque team finish ah quompag head ah quompy time ah teok soil, field ahtum boast 161 Ahtoop had ain shack way mark Ai yeuet te-og Warriors a i yeuonk place a i yeushack warclub acaw the other side ake-suog rushes Akwettonk Subject amisk beaver ammaun dress, prevent am mayeem go ojfif Amo mooa Messenger an to an acaw work Ana quosha Trader anaquab kneeling an autchy minny nut an ettam depart an neme am conquer annish aum cod An nogky painted up anno kinnam I paint an noous hope an noowam tell annon rains an nomye the mind, — or inside annoo team I command anno quisham strut an noquot threatening weather an notam avenge an nucam excel an nunem help an oce bid or hire an ogquos, nox star an onchem tell or hire anoskam I weed antam state of mind an team go or speak ant seam, antseppam move my house a nucam excel anuk onchy hardly an ukqua quessy soon a numm dog Anuy more, mostly, rather, sometimes apome thigh apo quassin tent cover appas post appetteam, appeam sit appinnam Tm able, can appoos, ap wosu baked, roasted Appowow, Apwow priest or speaker ap pu ' at home, sat ap pummuck sapling ap puonk seat ap wonna oyster ap won nam I roast a quantap head aquy! quit! enough! as is it so ask coo-ash hay ascook snake, worm ash, ashy yet asham, isham I travel *' I guide ashap-og nets ash ayom discover 162 Ashim animal ashimm spring a shin drink Ashinnunneonk family ashonty-og lobsters ashoon onquos cap ashy yet ask, osk grass, weed ask asky green asky raw as nucut never aspy yet asquam not yet As queam, Asquit team guard assa or assam feed assin do asso ittam name, call as sookam follow as sooky cheg ignorant at, ut at ata com strike, grind Ata scaw waw Ruler ata tom hide atchoo, achu mountain 1G3 (autchu=up find) attam, tattam drink attap, mattap seated atti tay huckleberry atti neam search atti team divide atto little apron at toam conceal atto cookquon boil AuchawChick Hunters au chonam keep au cooky wask kettle aucop cove aum I fish Aumansk fort aunakesu painted up aunan fawn auquon-ash barns auquy egs household stuff auscoy antam repent ausup pay-nuog coons aut up auta, atto little apron anwa I go au waquot mantle Au woo^ anybody au woteam use auwy poquot calm weather auwy pu a wackam peace condemn a wass warm you Aw auwa Who s at home ayey, majey ay atchy path so often aye annaw imitate aye ukonny similar ayn. more ayoan ayom Ayon togcom agoing make p Rascal B Bee, peh water C Cacod caconno sint camuck this year fort barnyard Casco hat sturgeon catti quom sleepy catti team desire cattup hungry: in the three words cat is properly cod. cau kinny sometime cauquot-ash arrows year yourselves landing pshaw cau tummo ca woo-og caw poshes chah Ch^hquok-uog English chahquog swords, " chan antam doubt chan isham stagger chappeck root chashy uonk family chatchap pooam select chat chappy different chau bockish except Che-cheewunnua Chick Robbers cheesam attam suffer cheettam I stuff chegan hatchet 164 check quonnam Checkum sea Checky-nash hatchets cheeky pat innam cut Cheeky su In the northwest Windgod cheeky uam compel cheeky uy seldom I am silent Cheewa Mother ehe keeway forcibly che muckquam blame chenawossam I fret chenok when Chenok ummy long ago Cheppy wes In the northeast Windgod che quinny ettam suffer chescam, jiscam erase chette mooam . urge chi-cheg-enash hatchets Chick Folks chickopee-uk kindlings chiekote blaze chimmetch full Chip put together chip N*toon kiss chippok quiver, dew chippo tuonk illness chippy nuam assort, separate chippy nutonk hedge chit te^ am wash cho cawhoo sting cho-cho quatta ham rap chogan blackbird choky moment chon nose chon chippy "under your nose" choncoo oyster choo ayom get chow hesu chilly cho wiey used up Chu! Shoo! See chu et team get (game)- cocheckissu chopped up coco keham owl cod cover, wish codnam dress, use cod nusha against 165 Codtantam I desire codtoocam gather fruit Cod toosy In Beau codtummo year, leavings cod tup, caiiup hungry cod ussam attempt, I wish to do cog caggam advise cogcaquottuonk advice cogcod clothes cog copsy deaf Cogga choosk Liar cog ken ny greedy cogkit tamwy nobly cogky hoopon drunk comuck barn, fold -con! don't! Concont Crow conkety safe, spared conni am shoot conno sint fort cont leg conteag nothing contu among some Cony wask Old man Coochy more Cook waonk One's age Coon, Cover, snow coony tu pious, clothed cootny around, near coppush sturgeon coshy up peshow flower cos pitta hot cowass,/ cowow pine coweem I sleep Cowy onk Sleep cuck break cue koom break loose Cuck ootonk Address cucky toon thirst, (breaking mouth) cumma lately Cummoola In Thief cum mootam steal cunk oak cunnam take a passenger spoon cun nattiquonk window cunny woven goods cunny quissam steer 166 (( Cupham shut cup paquot freezing cuppat ice cup poo/onk (met) supper Ein a native: I dwell here; anything Indian Einatch ! Let it stand ekin-ash reeds en in, at cuppy ma cusky chaug swamp beside Enin-uog men eniwashim male animal Cussyl cut ausha cutch Look! hghtning prop Eshq, Esq et te ' am Etticks, Ettat Woman I make Sister cutto whoam I measure etty ausonk boiler cuttuck knee ewetchyminny -ash corn cutum make a hole eyeu now D G Dish - nest Gehan wind E * H E at awy used up haniniin I trade eech, wetch, dish Hassan-ash stones eechy min eek my meal wigwam hegan tomahawk hena name eepit tooth hettam I name ehoh ! (surprise) het te am I attack 167 Hog, og body, self Homess-uk Old men hom, om, worn go,come honk goose hoosac glad howan who howan-ig other folks, whose Howanigus strangers, English ho wayan shack ! good-by hu wayam tempt I lin dwell In one of the Windgods In, Innum, Innummy [short for Enin] man in antam believe innaw thigh in noowam say innoo team avenge inno tuckquam owe In onchem tell inta padt antam oo I don't care ishcont at least issen, iissen I do Isq Squaw ittiyeu, iyeu they are J Jiscam,' chescam wipe jis ontam hate jissam, cheesam suffer ju hittea, a i yeu hittea war K K' thou, thee, thy, you, your kah and ke chickquam throttle keegshq maiden kee nequot sharp one keen te am get well keeshky side of kees-oash days kees te om make 1()8 Ke heky otter kehen ontup astonished kehen oo onchy your own K'ek your house K'ekik from your house K'ekin in your house keko mockam I scorn kemy secret kemy etteam make an ambush Ken thou, thee, thy, thine, you, your, yours ken hoosoo armed Kenomp-awog Braves Ken o-nog yourselves ken uppam hasten keny sharp ke pennum oo onk harvest, the cut-down kesan ooty ripe ke sanum oey brave, ready ke sooap I'm warm kessap hot kcfjsct asham I sweat kesset tayey boiled kesuck^ sky, heaven, eye, face ke suckod day ket great ket ausha lightning ketta, ket thaw sea ket ad tawham sharpen kette am listen ket issam wash Ketomp man broad daylight ket onk death, the great event ket ookam om sing kettoonuk (big mouth) ship ket too onk word kettum (mayey) justnow ket ukq maiden K' hogga-wo wog yourselves kiky aged kin nowam defend kinno kinnam mix kishpin noam bind 101) Kisso woous game kitchy begun K'oosh, your father Kut [before a vowel] you, your M M' (rarely used) tSe ma, mau Nobody ma ausu virtuous ma chapham gnaw machee/ I have: later machippuk quiver ma chipscat stone path ma choo-ash furniture madshy uy, majjy uy lately mag, meg magoo onk Maghome maish give or sell gift mam mam ausha mam ussy man Godfather just now all adultery take all slow Man, mon cliff ma naunuck moon ma ninnap I am quiet man itte-owog gods manny hate ma noham buy mass arrowhead mat, matta not, no, nothing Mat, Wemat Brother match -aog ? no I snis, [bads] I am poor stinking sour bad match ek match emo match epo matchy Mat issu A Good-for-nothing mat nequot not one Matta mag Fool mattamattam I feel mat tany neither mattap an I sit down matta quos cloudy matta quoy mattasq 170 forenoon matting Matte ag nothing matti onam soothe Mattompas In Aunt Mat tooca mis In Grandmother Mat toocus In Mother mat tookquy firewood mattu team quarrel Matwa-og Warriors Matwa onk Battle mauch etan ebb tide maun-ash lunch to carry Maun ettu Conjurer maun innuet lunch-bag mausek big mayey, ayey path me chichonk soul, or inside mecon et te ' am fight mecu team fight meechim-og eatables meechimu fed, loaded meeg, mek feather Mees Elder sister meeshy-og . eels meesk elbow Mek quantam remember mek quinnam feel menaw tongue menaw onchem oo onk tradition men etty antam endure mennek et team fasten menne keyey ootam fortify menneko taey firmly menne ky strong menne oquy weak me nutchy left hand meppit arm meshan antam jolly meshash earn mend meshqu antam angry mesh quawtuck cedar meshquee blood Meshquy ash coo trout, haddock meshquy mauquok salmon meshquy red mesim restore 171 Metchy barren metsuonk food me tawog-ooash ears mettug, mettiick tree mettuckquin fruit meton onk large hide mia weny assembly Michoquot Thaw minny-ash fruit, berries min ontam smell Min tucko muck Forest Mis, misk Tree mis antam aim at mis, mishy great Mis Enin-uoo: Nation Mish annic Squirrel mishcoo antam excited mish ontoowam speak loud mishoadtuy high priced mishodt uppooy feasting mishoon, mish owan boat mis cattuck forehead m is ogcon large bodied Misseet Increase mis sinnam touch missond du gout, boat missy gon (big snow) hail missy towan mistuck large boat big stick initta I must Miltam wossis wife mit tummas wife M' nox brant luon-onog sons Mo ascook Black snake moce soon mochup devoured mochy empty mocunnam rob moggin mcgunk moho I pay large tree eat Mohogs-uk body- eaters , Mohawks mosag the greatest moco tog knife miO kisson shoe incen, moyen together 172 Moma chee uk comuck store moman-ash sometimes mome weep Mon, Mon-onog Sons mo najjy cloth monan itty merciful mona-og many mona-tash many Mon chattea Guide moncheem go monnish hen mooa elsewhere mooch antam I wonder moo cheeky much, very moocus hoof moona vegetable moon osky sed-ash beans moon osky tammock cucumber moosequin young moose moosy bald mooy black mooy shack iron Mo pannog-anash breasts moquot odor mos must, may mos-ag the most mosk, osk grass, weeds moske-tuash hay Mosq, Moshq Bear mosquantam lam angrj- mosquattam I provoke mos shaonk the going mosun noquot beauty mot done motass-ash stockings mot etteam I finish moyam, mayam come moyen . together M^tah Okeit The whole Earth muck a crowd, flock Mucka chuck(emess) little fellow muckan ashim wolf mucka neonk assembly muc kitch-og boys Mucko That's so 173 Muckcomuck inclosure muck oka skety pasture muckoy-og boys muck quashim wolf muck quety swift muck quotchux crowd of children munna antam oo onk odor mun no onk island mun ontoowayonk language mun noty-tash baskets munnox brant mup pooy snows, sits mus kesuck-quash eyes mus ogquy ham join in mussy, mish great M'weewo wife N N' (=Neen) I, me, my we, us. The change for plural is on the noun or verb. na, nah there 17 Naa nag nagwut tayey nah nah^n naho tuy naish bare them always when almost second even najcom I collect (debts) nam finder, spoon namass, fish nam coey lend name, namitch by-and-by ; stay ! nam pooam explain na nanny that na-nash awy there nannau kept, safe nannau shin peace nan neeswy both nan nompy idle Nan nummy uy In North Windgod Nan ogquot In Southeast Windgod nanny moon nano more, also Nan okit place nanpy very nanwy whoever, whatever naonk throat napaj until napanna five nappy dry, narrow nappy-ash nuts, fishlines nasham I breathe nash awy over there nash penny between, through, against nashquot in storm near natea lately na tookquos wild game na toopam teach na tootam inquire nat tinny search naty as naum see na untam bring Naumon-ien Sons nawutch,naut therefrom ne this or that Ne anuk next neany, nean-agash such necas^ there nechan' child N' eek my house Neen I, me, my, mine Neen aw un ours nees two ne ettu tow learn neg those ne gonsha first Ne gonsha Chick Leaders negunnam I tear nehum turkey Nehun ashish Farewell ne impa-wog thunder ne ittu onk trick nek issam I cut nemscam bring nene muckoam I shake Ne nogquy [It looks] that way nepog-oash leaves Nepon Summer nepooam I am there 175 Nepozh nepuck nequot/ sun blood one ne quot-tash six nequy ne sassuck flat seven nescon neam I I grin ne shwo-og eight nesosu-og seven ne suckquin next day netahshy, netotahshy how many more, or so many more netat oy after all that Netomp, Nutomp My friend ne ut then, so ne waj ne wutch why because Nin, Enin a male Ninnau Autumn nin noowam fail nip, nippy, n *peh Mater nip annon rain nips-ash nish those, ponds them, their Nish cowan uttam I whoop nish ishem I am alone nish keyey dirty nish no every nishon ut everywhere nish quewam I scold nitti quom I prick nish team I kill nish wo three no. noh that [living thing] No he, him, his, she, her, its, it no adtit distant noc!ieck comuck chimney nocheckcooun displease nogcod a well, garment N' ogh, N' oosh My father nog quossy cloudy nogs, nox bowels, star Nohome Grandmother Nompat In East Windgod 176 Nomsy alone non anness baby nonganny rather gently nonky, nonna gentle nont are, were, must, shall nontwy antam I wish noo antam wise, I understand noochim oey weak, hurt nook isham tremble nook ummy easy nooky soft, cowardly noona not enough noonam suck noonatch-aog deer N*oo onchem I cannot noosup peh-nuog beavers noosweem yield, obey noot fire noowam I say notam sob noti honk (director) paddle notinnam I show nun ogquis nuno-ash Nuck over, across nuck ok night Nuhog myself num wayey full num wottam I fill nunkshq girl nunnau I saw (imperfect of naum) Nunno Harvest-time lazy cheeks nup pooam I die nuppy whun-ash wings nup weshan persuade nutcheg-anash hands nutta poquot wet weather nutunk fence nux yes O Oad tucam pay o apwas hip o cooky wask kettle og» ^og body, self 177 Ogcod cover, clothes, gone by [=covered] og cogkem step og coo onk clothing ogh, oosh father og kessy small bod ied og kettam I read ogquin neam I dress ogquitteonk new moon ogquosham I undress ohosky tammock watermelon ohto I have ohtomp a bow Oi toteet. Ai yeu to teet Warrior Oiyeet Inhabitant Ok Farmstress Oka tea En in Farmer okcoon oose fence o keit, oky onk place oketty, okomuck garden okquon barn oky land, ground oky ommoose wasp om, aum I go, I fish Om at, to, concerning ommess herring omog, om ogpy almost Omp Friend, any male omp, womp white, day omp attam wear ompsk hard rock om ok keam arrive, arise o natta as if on a wy thin onch besides onchem tell onchy one's own on cooy across, beyond onk, wonk more, again onka tog-ik others onkquot wages on nam go onqu)', onky severe onquy, unky all, both onquy coo cap onta go, speak on ontam intentioned on toowam speak ontuckquog waves oo aute owam loosen 178 Ooko-ash squash ook-quaog worms oonoo oko-uash valleys oo onchem tell Oosh Father oot out ootshon it blows ootantam I value oot onch ettam draw oot oowam complain ootumwetty onk question oo wayonk sunset Ooy Oh oppin air, bed opwun quarrel osk, ask grass, weeds oska ne minny-ash garden seeds osky-tuash hay otan town Padtoquoham thunder pahkonoteom haddock pahky history Pahky bright, clear pamca wunnam pass by paminnin I wait pan noowem tell a lie pa omp ma untam I am well pap sure pap antam faithful pap assam onk ability pap asha sunrise Pap onnet In West Windgod Pap onny Winter pappat antam trust pappe nocam tie Pappy quonny Old lady pap unny pretty well Paquant Talker pa quantam open the door pash, posh increase pash unny rather lull pash coogun nine passoo lately, soon pas soowam bring paswessy pretty soon 179 Patsoo ready patsoo ontam I wait pat ton am I bring paup-og partridges paw, pawg bays .lakes paw gunny lit cm-wog cod paw gunny vvaw bear pawgut at the water pawgut-ash wampum paw gutty misk swamp oak pawochaw-og amusements paw tuckquam reach pe antam pray pe asik, pe awy little peg, bee water pem, pum across, crooked peminneat line pem isquayey crooked pe-nashim-oo^og little animals pen ayey crooked pen isham I fall Peno different, another peno cunnam throw down pe-nomp young person Pe nco o tea Stranger pe cnog-ash plumes peppe nam I choose peppe tawam repeat pequaw grey pesha-wog fowls peshay, peshy blue peshk homwock lightning peshkonk gun peshow-ash flowers pesig little [things] pesissu ** [creatures] pessog dust petappyuonk breeches pe teack rib pe team I cure pet itte am invite in pet itte ontam enter pe tocos ptocus, cloak petonk round bag petu very 180 Petu annum oy haughty petuck round, around pe tuckquin-eg loaves petus quessy uonk coat pe onnog feather pe-wassu * small boat pe-wassuck small hook, writing pewee, pe-wog little peyam pe yettam pinna quet piog pish pitch innum pittam pius sucky po po chattuck po chippowem po chuckam poco a pocod pocoo po cunnam podheeg I come I bring blanket ten shall claim understand plainly off bough I flee I break stem, half half full confess open spoon Pog, pawg pogan ut om pogcag pog codchy pohonk lake, bay cod ? cap secretly ladle pom, apome goer, thigh pomantam life (think'goer) Traveler dance Seagod make go foolish stomach Pom ishy In pom muckam Pompa gusset pomu ittam I ponquy pooch enno pook etty mis white oak pookshack woodbox pooky shattam break in two put seat cat poonam poo^onk poo puss poo seckin pootab ' poot antam pootoausha poot uppag 181 bury whale I blow dawn bay Popoo/onk game, ceremony po quayey publicly po quinnam I am guilty pog quodchy perhaps po quoham escape posh up posh innam we share poshk issu naked poshy met dinner possuck month pottos toss it, hand it pow ackam cut wood Powaskytuy Enin Doctor Powow a consultation, a Priest psauky bird psauky ity evidently psooksy, psook-suog birds ptowam I fly puck smoke, darkness pucka quosh outdoors pucketteam, I smoke puck innam I am blind Puck issy smoky puckuk head, toe, finger puckukquon nutcheg- ash fingers puckuk oteam I smoke puckquantam smoke-door puckquot its taste puck wutchy outdoors pucky dark Pucky scattis Empty head pum glide pum meechy may] crossroad pummetshin I cross pummin I carry, I make room for him pummoke shoot Pommom onk A tramp pum mootam creep out pummo soowim swim pummy oil pun ettam I cut punnet onk knife punnow trap 182 (Pui) pinna shufn^ or puppe-nashim any small animal pup pessy dusty, gusty pup pucky hollow pushog kinnam I imprison pusq back pussoo ^ wildcat putantam I mistake put og queam I hide puttock a quon round wigwam puttock quonnej round loaf Q Quah! Oh, dear! Pshaw ! quantfam I ladle quas, quis ,quos rock Ouasset (Cohasset) rocky place quas suck-quanash rocks quaw thigh 183 Quawquon long [day] quehick I want que nauwe hick I want que noowam I deny queseps duck Quequon Earthquake quinny deep, high quin osky tarn mock muskmelon quinnopemun I turn quissuck quon nutonk wall quishkinnam I translate quishkeem I return quishom jump quit odor quitch etteam try, taste quog queam run quog quotam threaten quomen a dream quompag when quon heel, long quon ah quompy long day or while quonnam, cunnam spoon, I carry Quonasket wide field quon naunuk blanket quonnep fishline quonno-suog pickerel Qiionno wask bottle, Old man quon nuam I separate quon nuseps duck quonny long (time or distance) quon om-og black bass quo showam I am ready quoshy rough going quosh awy front of quos quatchem in I am cold Quosquon Summer quossa quossam I am lame quossish concerning quossuck o minny-ash cherries quossutam I am removing quot the weather, an end, but, at QuotcSuam arrive quot ompag tooam weigh quottin et team forbid quotty misk branching tree quotto whoam measure Sabuck Powder sacko etteam sit sammy oil sam pooam confess sampwy right, honest sampwy usse onk revenge, making right sappinuk riverbank saquonnanettick candle sashcont ooy shrill saj^som lash, eel sassonk sassafras saun new saunky fresh air saup tomorrow sautay-ash currants 184 Sawwhocam I eject saw uk issam pant Sawwa sha/onk The Plague sawwaw quarreler saw winnum oey weary seany sour se cheppo frost secky neam refuse seekpook ong-ash straw seeky, sucky clam seep, sepu, sip river' seepy longer time seeseck rattlesnake seesep duck Sees In, Shees In Uncle seet, M* seet foot seganny sword Segaw/ eshq Widow Segaw'wo Widower semetteonk, semoonk retreat sep pagham I sail sepsinnam lie hidden Se quishon Chick the others Sequon Springtime sequonnam I pour out, waste se quottea owy timid se wotteam scatter shack firewood shat belly shattam break shawm peninsula, boat Shoo! Choo! Look! shoon chin showan hawk, boat shu, nishu two shwo three or eight sim say sinnam decorate siogkissu strong man sioky difficult sip oscon nutch wrist sip pagham I sail sipp}' nuck-ash banks sistoon lip sitchy puck neck, head-handle skat ebb 185 Skeesuck ' skowan socka suonk so cossam eye pigeon defeat obtain sogcompag inneam I lead sogcommy an noowam I rule sog kissan ukky basket sogky pooam chew sohash I go out ! sonk quissam I am cold Sonks, Sonkshq Chiefs wife sonky chilly sonky tippo cap Sontim A Chief sook pour out sookannon raining so pummoo soowam feed Soquomp Coward soquotteaowy cowardly sosket meadow sosum oo onk glory sotowhockam I defeat Sow, saw sigh sow unnam I am tired Sowunnishin South Windgod spessam bind up Sq, Shq Female [squaw is the objective] squaube nan wrap for burial Squantam, mis quan tarn I am angry squantumuk at the door squ ashim female beast squot, squotto fire squottomygun pipc sucky, sahky clam sucky-suog clams summup beaver Sun is the first word of a question : " Is it?'* ^* Are you?" etc. Sunnad In North Windgod sustoon lip sutam I remove swin, nishwin two 186 1 Ta fetty su cheerful tag, auteg, taky up tagkess wet tah, uttah/ heart tah, to what tahcoo coat tahhy minny strawberry tahky cold takcom I am ashamed tak eckom a spring ^ tak ooso auteg ladder Takquy uonk Twin tamma(untam) busy tammock pipe, vine tam mogcon flowing, flood tide tan ickam I come tanny rye ; come ! tan ogcam shake up tan ogquy torn up tan okety ayonk garden tan okety ess toad tanyeu which tap root ta padt/ontam thankful 1 Tap eckam deserve tapenam I comfort tappy neat, suitable Taquon Harvest tahquot, toquot freezing tah quotcham freeze up Tash In A Windgod tash poo onk table tashum^ length tash unnam carry taskquy wait tatsha late Tatta I can't say tattam, attam I drink tattam wetch cup Tatta pish Possibly tattawnam buy tattoy snort tattup alike tau wise Tauba, Tauban, Taubot Tauby Enough ! Thanks I te^ag thing, what do you want? te ago-ash coins 87 Te ago-nash things Te agquy ? What's that ? te an nam, in antam think or believe Teash Enin neonk Family teashy several, how many te ganny sword, sharp thing tehah^ what place te nuck, te^a nucky soon te ogku rather te oky by land tetay berry ti to cut, divide, fejice ti adchy sudden, clever tick shoulder tinny rude tin ogquossy frog tiok inclosure tiog quossy ut narrow tiogquoquy or ti oko suy low of stature tip, tup-peash brains 188 Tiyeu, lyeu, uttiyeu-sh which ones to (toh) what, how perhaps so to a nuckwuk quy how large tofeu buy tog chop, cut tog codted swojd togconk axe togga ham grind corn to hena how much tohun noo when to keekquon heavy tokeem I live, I awake to kettam read to kin where tokooso minny-ash high blackberries toko nogquy although tok oosam climb tom, tum tumble torn issen cut tom ukham arise Ton In, Tonno daughter tone, toon mouth, talk to neit if to nishin in what place tonkquy dead Tonks Cousin ton neck crane tonno^ where to tonuk^ where from to nuk aquy how far, how much, how large Toocamis In Grandmother Too check inneas In Grandfather Toocas/In Mother took innony it rains to oko muckquot farm tookquinnam catch fish Took quinny Enin Fisherman took quonnet marriage tootum ukconam inquire tootum wetty wayonk question too wen nam I fly topu frozen to quossin deep toquot cold weather to sacky while, as "long as to seckam wade tosh in, tosh uk how much to shinnam I lift tosh ut how often toshy so much to su-og, to su-nash how many tot odchy narrow tot okam arise to wajV why to wotteam wear towa tuonk wedding to wis haey far away to woggo-ash ears to wutch because To wut^ In South Windgod to wuttun how late, how high to yusk bridge 189 tuk where from tukset place t of outlet tukyeu where to tummunk-quaog beavers tummus wife tumung sad tumwock cod tunnam tell tun neny tunny tun sin conquer how sick abed tuppen neonk quot alike tus hill tu towam arrive U uc keeshy hairy uc ketsha'mon uc koty ukquon lightning sure fishhook uk quontamy ukquy ummat cruel under it will do unnan storm unnan ette am permit un ninnock right hand unno, unny some, any un nomi yu soul un nomut inside un nootam settle, revenge un notty peaceful un nuky beyond un nup penam differ un onchem bid or hire unqua num moo/onk sorrow uppan true up peshow flower upponk prison up poo onk a sit-down, a smoke upposh sunrise ushcont they will ushquam sew ussa quos slow ussa wetch name us sawnam go out us se antam marry 190 ussen, assen, issen do usso whokam drive out ut at utch (autchoo) a mountain, an upland tree utchoo quoppy cedar utchy minny-ash acorns utch ashin how many utta, uttoh how uttah^ heart utti an taky untrue, lying uttihonk, utconk paddle utti maunch a cook ut tiyam I make ut tiyeu which [thing] utti yeuonk home utto how utto hunnoo when W Waantam wise wabes I am afraid wadtaw voice 191 Wadtuckonv coat-man. Englishman waeny near by wa hca guilty wa hunig forget waj, wajjy why warn essy nearly all wamy all wamy nupwoo cunning wamy uy usually wan antam forget wan okon I plant wante owam lose wap gale wap antam hurry wapsu antam I fear wasq bottle, kettle wau an true Wau checkum Sea waump gone wau wameck a dress wau week-anash sweet corn wau whunniky-suog mackerel wauwhut toam shout way e) ant sunset Way onkam Good evening waytam understand wayworn I stray weby, wepy alone, only wechan week week issu week onchem weckonchv Week otea ! go with nice cooked willing usually Fine! swan weekqu ashim weekquottam I beg you W' eek his house we ensess weety wegogun weho head sweet hair sweetest We mat, Mat Brother wenawetu rjeh Wenis-uk Old Women weogkettam I handle we peton-ash strawberries we pitte-ash teeth 192 We pmna Chick Companions- in-arms wep)-, weby only we sassu afraid we satty, we sogky bitter we sawy yellow weshack-inash snakes \ve sotty misk red oak wessuck onk oakwood wesu onk a name Wetash! Go home! wetap indoors Wetau ettam courting, married, housekeeping wetch, eech dish wetej forest fire wetu sleeping-place, house weween wewess wew^o weyus weyus ek winny wis haey horn ■ eagle wife meat knife quick, alive far off Witch Mother wittun wind wo may, might wob sacook eagle, [wop psaukuk] air bird Wo hogga Himself worn, om, hom go Wommon eg Wife wommon(tam) I love womog mostly womo suy politely womp white wompak ' pale wompan daylight womp attuck-quaog •geese womp missond chestnut boat womp psaukuk * grey eagle womp umpegh shell money w^ompy minny-ash chestnuts womsu downward worik, onk'more, again wonkat-og more people wonk attuck another wonkoy crooked wonk unam I bend wonk ussess fox, (little bend-doer) wonna-nash full wonnacommy prosperous wonno adtuy valuable wonny nupwoo cunning wonte am 1 till, use Wooy! Oh, dear! Wop In, Woppun, (Waban) gale wop wunnonk disturbance wosam shine woshwunnam I open Wos ket omp- aog Men w^osket tuam I hurt wos osket meadow wote am I use wottam understand wot tamma-uog tobacco 193 wot tamma gun pipe wo wena tuonk admiration wowon wander wucksy alone wud tuckquon-ash boards, firewood Wu hogga wo themselves wunnadteask tree bark Wunna hunny ! Good ! Wunna muquot ! True ! wunnam wotteam I promise wunne gat daytime Wun negen All right Wunneg-anash *' wunne pog leaf wunnetonk-quog news Wun no ! Strange! wunnon coo covered basket, yesterday wunnonk basket, dish wunno quot fine day wunnota rarely wunno teyey proper Wun notty ayonk Peace Wunno wem I speak the truth wunnum wayonk truth wun nuppoo wing wunny good, fine Wunny chany-og Tots wunny nehu ayey kind Wunseet A Beauty wuscont they will wuscowen pigeon wushem travel wusho wanum hawk Wuskan Young person, bone wusk eechy outside, above WuskEnin (issuk) Young man wusky new, young wus sammy too much wus sappy thin wus sook tail wussook quotty minny walnut wussuck quonk book 194 vvussummupoey beaverish:=hoggish Wut [before a vowel] he, him, his, she, her, hers, they, them, their wutch with, because wutconk paddle Wut In Windgod Wut innum In Servant wutta pole wutta homonk well-sweep wuttam assin tobacco vvuttamma-uog tobacco wutta poquot icy wutta puess tent-pole wuttat^ behind wut tattam oo^onk well-water wutta whoo staff wut tommy yeu behind wut tookquon-ash fuel wutto shimmaj-eu on this side yan nauwam imitate yaw, yu four yeu this yeu-og, yeu nash these yeu nogquy this way Yeuo That person yeu unny that thing yeu ut there yeu wutch therefore, from there yeu yatchy so often yeuyeu, eyeu now yote fire yu, shu four yu-og, yu-wonnash four A few localisms are printed in Italics. 195 INDIAN PREFIXES Neen, N', Nut mean ( no7n. I, we equally < pos. my, our these \obj. me, us Ken, K', Kut you or your Oom, W, Wut he, she, the)^ his, her, their him, her, them M' the used with the names of most parts of the body, and some other nouns. Pe round Pe Httle Mish, Mis great Ket great Mooch very Po out Oot out Saw out 196 In, En in, to Ut. Un at An, Am, Ap to Aut, Utch up Quon Joi^g' f3.r Quin deep, high Ne that, there Ah end Ok place May, Ay path Ask, Osk field Man, Mon cliff Paw water Muck a crowd Og body Posh rise Pum glide Pom go Cuck break Ti whittle Cod desire Chu get INDIAN SUFFIXES ABBREVIATIONS. Adj. adjective an. animate dim. diminutive fu. future verb imp. imperative ina. inanimate inf. infinitive verb lo. locative n. noun obj. objective case p. past verb pL plural pr. present verb s. singular number ARRANGED BY CONSONAJ^TS D G adt if you ganit V. in. to eog if you og they -suog, -eog, -aog, -ooog, -tuog, -wog - -og, -eg an. pL=s ogquot if we him H ahha they did ah, oh, uh n. ob. J aj he must K kon do not -ik an. pL =s ok land ook do so ! uk he, him, she, her, they, them uk from, at ukny he to them ukoo he to you ukook ye must ukque an they should ukquosh of you ukquy they should kess dim, after g M mess, emess dint. am, pr. s. am^en (en=in) 197 am^un, um/un we do am/oo, umwoo you do eem you must umup p. 5. N an, ean should anit, onat inf. to anoo your in, en in innean you should on he to us onk makes a noun of a verb onna-a we should on ne-a you should onta let's to him ontam, antam minded, inclined ononniip he gave us on-ug they did nuk he, him, they, them P up p, did upah he or they did upan I, thou, he did upanneg, uponnug l,thou, he, we, you gave them 1 Q The followtog^ begin with qu be- cause the word to which they were suf- fixed ended with k. quess dim, an. adj. quessu, and quessuy quot at; weather quon he to us quottea we must S as ? quas ? is it so ? ess, aess dim. -ash in, pL^^^s esu, esuy an. adj. ish you or I must set (after a vowel or n) at T ettit, hettit if they etch he must or will utty I will give you etu, ettuy an. adj. ut at W -wog, -ooog woo, umwoo ye do aw n. oh. Y uy, ayey an. adj. i)8 INDEX Pronouncing i i 5 Spelling 103 Rough sounds Nasals G and k final Accent 7 17 Hard words Long words 95 Vowels changeable Consonants unvocalized Stammering Clipping words Slipshod speech Emphasis 20 Parts of Speech Changeable 75 Omitted 8 Arranging Synonyms Articles 143 151 10 10 63 60 153 76 58 69 42 121 26 109 13 7 89 70 Noun suffixes Gender 9 108 Animate plural 30 Inanimate plural 45 Hyphens 31 103 Verbs into nouns 75 28 6 35 49 54 25 64 26 Cases Nominative Possessive Objective 35 Locative Diminutives Augmentatives Consecutive Names, personal 105 race 23 place 54 200 Pronouns 20 Nominative 10 Possessive Objective 10 Capitalizing Faulty Omitted 8 38 37 20 12 26 98 37 191)